Chapter 4 Study Questions

ATP

A cell makes energy by removing a phosphate (P) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Glycocalyx

Composed of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that surrounds cell. It is either firmly attached to cell (capsule) or loosely attached (slime layer).

How osmosis works

Depending on the water content of a cell compared to it's environment, a cell can gain water, lose water, or stay the same.

Cell wall

Give cell shape, located outside the plasma membrane. Protects cell from environment.

Isotonic

Iso means "equal" If a cell is in an isotonic solution, the concentration of the solute and solvent are the same inside and outside the cell.

Gram negative bacteria

Lost crystal violet color after decolorizer by alcohol and become colorless. A dye called safranin is added, which turns the bacteria pink when viewed under microscope.

Flagella

Made of protein. Used for motility. Propell microorganism away from harm and towards food.

Active transport

Movement of a substance across the cytoplasmic membrane against the gradient using energy provided by the cell (ATP)

Fimbriae

Proteinaceous, sticky, bristle-like projections used to attach to each other and to objects around them.

Gram positive bacteria

Retain crystal violet color after decolorizer by alcohol. These bacteria appear purple when viewed under microscope.

Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

The cytoplasmic membrane is semi-permeable and regulates the flow of molecules (nutrients and gases) into and waste out of the cell through passive transport, active transport, and group translocation.

What are NAG and NAM?

The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAM).

Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

The primary distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a "true" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate, and as a consequence, a shorter generation time than eukaryotes.

Cytoplasmic membrane

The prokaryote cell has a cytoplasmic membrane that forms the outer structure of the cell underneath the cell wall and separates the cell's internal structure from the environment. Provides a selective barrier between the environment and allows certain substances and chemicals to move into and out of the cell.

Pili

Tubules used to transfer DNA from one cell to another. Made up of protein and shorter in length than flagella.

A cell shaped like a boomerang is a

Vibrio

Hypertonic solution

When the cell is placed in a solution where the solution has a high concentration of solute (outside the cell), the water inside the cell moves out causing the cell to shink.

Hypiotonic solution

When the cell is placed in a solution where the solution has a lower concentration of solute (outside the cell), the water outside the cell will rush into the cell causing the cell to swell and unltimately burt (lysis).

The cytoplasmic membrane is composed ot

a bilayer of phospholipids.

Peptidoglycan is made up of

a combination of peptide fragments and carbohydrates- NAG and NAM

The cell walls of gram negative bacteria consist of

a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane.

Lysis

bursting of a cell

Composed of peptidoglycan in many bacteria

cell wall

ATP stores energy in

chemical bonds and is released by a chemical reaction within the cell

Passive transport moves substances by

concentration gradient

Bristle-like projections used by bacterial cells to attach themselves to objects.

fimbriae

Used to propel the organism

flagella

Sticky envelope made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that surround the cell is called

glycocalyx

Increase in the size and/or number of cells is called

growth

Conditions of osmosis

isotonic, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution

The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism is called

metabolism

Motion of organelles of the entire organism is called

movement

The cell wall of many bacteria contain

peptidoglycan

The cell walls of gram positive bacteria consist of

peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

Tubules that are used to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another

pili

Phospholipids have a

polar "head" and non-polar "tail". The polar heads are hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic.

Group translocation only occurs in

prokaryote cells

To increase the number of cells and/or create a new individual is called

reproduction

The ability to react to internal and external stimuli is called

responsiveness

Types of passive transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Group translocation is a process

that immediately modifies and substance once it passes through the cytoplasmic membrane. The cell must expend energy through group translocation, which is supplied by high-energy phosphate compounds such as phosphoenolpyruvid acid (PEP).

Hydrophobic

water fearing

Hydrophillic

water loving