Chapter 40 PrepU questions Patho

A client has developed a tumor of the anterior pituitary gland. The nurse is aware that the client is at risk for alterations in which body function? Select all that apply. A. Glucocorticoid hormone levels B. Storage and release of ADH C. Function of the thyroid gland D. Oxytocin secretion E. Function of the gonads F. Growth and metabolism

A. Glucocorticoid hormone levels C. Function of the thyroid gland E. Function of the gonads F. Growth and metabolism

The nurse is assessing a client with thyrotoxicosis and the nurse is explaining how the thyroid gland is stimulated to release thyroid hormones. The nurse should describe what process? A. Action of releasing hormones from hypothalamus B. Steady-state continuous release C. Direct neural stimulation D. Homeostatic receptors on surface of gland

A. Action of releasing hormones from hypothalamus

Select the category of hormones that include norepinephrine and epinephrine. A. Amines and amino acids B. Steroids C. Peptides D. Glycoproteins

A. Amines and amino acids

When discussing luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with students, the instructor will emphasize that these hormones are under the control of: A. Anterior pituitary gland B. Posterior adrenal cortex C. Thyroid gland D. Pancreas

A. Anterior pituitary gland

The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit further release of insulin from the same cells. This is an example of which type of hormone action? A. Autocrine B. Arachidonic C. Juxtaposed D. Retinoid

A. Autocrine

After having a very stressful day in pathophysiology class, the student knows that which hormone (secreted by the adrenal cortex) will help decrease the effects of stress? A. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid B. Dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal androgen C. Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid D. Androstenedione, an adrenal androgen

A. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid

When caring for a client with anemia and a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), the nurse recognizes which of these hormones will stimulate the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs? A. Erythropoietin B. Somatostatin C. Cortisol D. Atrial natriuretic peptide

A. Erythropoietin

While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best? A. Following a meal that was high in carbohydrates, a person's blood glucose elevates, which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas. B. When a female is thinking about getting pregnant, the body knows to release female sex hormones in greater proportion than usual. C. In children, the body knows to release growth hormones while they are sleeping instead of when they are awake and running around. D. When a person's body pH is decreasing, the stomach lining becomes more acidic to offset this.

A. Following a meal that was high in carbohydrates, a person's blood glucose elevates, which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

Which statement best explains the function of hormone receptors? A. Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response. B. Hormone receptors respond to decreasing hormone levels by producing a decrease in receptor numbers. C. Hormone receptors produce antibodies to block certain hormones from entering the cell. D. Hormone receptors are located within the red blood cells and carry hormones to the target cells.

A. Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response.

The hypophysis is a unit formed by the pituitary and the hypothalamus. These two glands are connected by the blood flow in what system? A. Hypophyseal portal system B. Paraventricular portal system C. Supraoptic portal system D. Hypothalamic portal system

A. Hypophyseal portal system

Which gland acts as a signal relaying bridge between multiple body systems and the pituitary gland? A. Hypothalamus B. Posterior pituitary C. Parathyroid D. Thyroid

A. Hypothalamus

The nurse is discussing positive feedback mechanisms. Which example best explains this mechanism? A. Increased estradiol production causes increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production. B. Increased glucose levels in the blood decreases growth hormone (GH) levels. C. Decreased thyroid hormone (TH) increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. D. Decreased cortisone levels increase blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

A. Increased estradiol production causes increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production.

A hormone has been synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of an endocrine cell after which it has moved into the Golgi complex, been packaged in a vesicle, and been released into circulation. Which hormone is synthesized and released in this manner? A. Insulin B. Testosterone C. Cortisol D. Estrogen

A. Insulin

What is an advantage of assessing hormone levels through collection of a 24-hour urine? A. It does not require serum collection for an accurate reading. B. Results can be accurately assessed even if urine is not preserved correctly. C. Accuracy isn't affected if some voiding is not included in the sample. D. Scheduled urine collections can be difficult to achieve.

A. It does not require serum collection for an accurate reading.

What is the most common mechanism of hormone control? A. Negative feedback B. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis C. Positive feedback D. Hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell feedback

A. Negative feedback

Which of the following are examples of amines? Select all that apply. A. Norepinephrine B. Growth hormone (GH) C. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) D. Epinephrine E. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A. Norepinephrine D. Epinephrine

Which statement is accurate regarding how hormones are metabolized and excreted? A. Peptides are degraded by enzymes in cells. B. Adrenal hormones are broken down by cell receptors. C. Steroids have a short lifespan. D. Thyroid hormone is excreted unchanged by the kidney.

A. Peptides are degraded by enzymes in cells.

Several hormones, including growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), are bound to and carried by which substance? A. Proteins B. Cholesterol C. Prohormones D. Target cells

A. Proteins

A client with hyperthyroidism is being treated with medication that blocks the activity of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Her care team has determined that she has been overproducing TSH. This client will have lost her ability to: A. have negative feedback regulation. B. have positive feedback regulation. C. metabolize TSH. D. metabolize thyroxin.

A. have negative feedback regulation.

While reviewing the major actions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the faculty points out that in males this hormone is responsible for the: A. sperm production. B. testosterone levels. C. size of gonads. D. size of muscles.

A. sperm production.

A nurse who works in the office of an endocrinologist is orienting a new staff member. Which teaching point should the nurse include in the orientation? A. "The regulation of homeostasis requires that hormones be absent from the body when their effect is not needed." B. "A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes." C. "It's uncommon for production of hormones to be far removed from the tissue where they ultimately exert their effect." D. "Sometimes hormones act locally on the area where they were produced, as in the case of endocrine actions."

B. "A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes."

Paracrine action involves which characteristic? A. Action on nearby target cells B. Action locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone C. Action on a distant target cell D. Autoregulation

B. Action locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone

Hormones are usually divided into categories according to their structure. The release of epinephrine would be classified as: A. Peptides and polypeptides B. Amines and amino acids C. Steroids D. Proteins

B. Amines and amino acids

A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland. The client is at risk for problems with secretions of: A. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and dopamine B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and vasopressin D. Somatostatin and prolactin

B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

A nurse examines the laboratory values of a client in heart failure. Which value indicates a compensatory hormone mechanism? A. Decreased hematocrit B. Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone C. Decreased red blood cell count D. Elevated serum pH

B. Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone

Which manifestation would the nurse observe when assessing a client diagnosed with a benign secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla? A. Increased aldosterone and fluid retention B. Elevated catecholamine levels and tachycardia C. Enhanced estrogen levels and breast enlargement D. Rising thyroid hormone and insomnia

B. Elevated catecholamine levels and tachycardia

Which physiologic process allows hormones to exert influence upon some cells and not others? A. Protein binding B. Hormone receptors C. Positive feedback D. Pituitary-hypothalamic feedback

B. Hormone receptors

Select the most appropriate statement that describes the function of hormones. A. Hormones have little involvement in cellular and systematic responses. B. Hormones function as modulators of cellular and systematic responses. C. Hormones respond to cellular and systematic interactions. D. Hormones initiate reactions of cellular and systematic responses.

B. Hormones function as modulators of cellular and systematic responses.

Which gland acts as a signal-relaying bridge between multiple body systems and the pituitary gland? A. Thyroid B. Hypothalamus C. Posterior pituitary D. Parathyroid

B. Hypothalamus

An adult client with suspected hypothyroidism is scheduled for a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test to evaluate pituitary response. Which test results would confirm secondary hypothyroidism? A. Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B. No increase in TSH C. No increase in calcitonin D. Increased calcitonin

B. No increase in TSH

Which structure controls the functions of the greatest number of target glands and cells? A. Pancreas B. Pituitary gland C. Thyroid gland D. Adrenal cortex

B. Pituitary gland

The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving exogenous corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. Recognizing that hormone levels are regulated by negative feedback, which laboratory test result does the nurse anticipate uncovering when reviewing the medical record? A. Reduction in TSH B. Reduction in ACTH C. Increase in TSH D. Increase in ACTH

B. Reduction in ACTH

A client undergoing an evaluation of hormone levels asks, "What regulates the hormone levels?" Which response by the nurse would be considered most accurate? A. Exogenous forms of hormones B. The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system C. The positive feedback loop D. The hypophysial portal system

B. The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

Which physiologic process best exemplifies a positive feedback mechanism? A. regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin B. increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breastfeeding C. release of antidiuretic hormone when sodium levels are higher than normal D. release of parathyroid hormone in response to decreased serum calcium levels

B. increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breastfeeding

During a near-miss accident while cycling, a client marvels at how fast he was able to react. He attributes this to his "fight or flight" response but then wonders why it lasts for only a short period. The client had a short burst of catecholamine activity because catecholamines are: A. bound to transport proteins that will limit their function in circulation. B. rapidly degraded by enzymes in circulation and at the tissue. C. naturally inactivated by exposure to systemic circulation. D. consumed as fuel at the site of action.

B. rapidly degraded by enzymes in circulation and at the tissue.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) performs which role in the functioning of the endocrine system? A. Mediating hormone synthesis by non-vesicle-mediated pathways B. Inactivating hormones to prevent excess accumulation C. Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells D. Acting as a high-affinity receptor on the surface of target cells

C. Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells

The nurse is planning to collect a 24-hour urine sample for hormone assay. In which situation does the nurse collaborate with the health care provider to find an alternate type of testing? A. Client has anemia. B. Client has diabetes. C. Client has anuria. D. Client has hypothyroidism.

C. Client has anuria.

A client experiences an increase in cortisol as a result of Cushing disease. Which hormonal responses demonstrate the negative feedback mechanism? A. Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B. Increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. Increased thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

C. Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

An adult client presents to the emergency department after an episode of syncope. Blood pressure is low and the pulse is thready and rapid. The client frequently voids large amounts of pale, clear urine. Lung sounds are clear and skin turgor is inelastic. Which endocrine disorder is the likely cause of these manifestations? A. Gigantism B. Myxedema C. Diabetes insipidus D. Hyperparathyroidism

C. Diabetes insipidus

A nurse examines the laboratory values of a client in heart failure. Which value indicates a compensatory hormone mechanism? A. Decreased hematocrit B. Elevated serum pH C. Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone D. Decreased red blood cell count

C. Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone

A health care provider is assessing a client for a potential endocrine disorder. Assessment findings identify abnormalities with emotion, pain, and body temperature. Which mechanism of endocrine control will require further laboratory/diagnostic assessment? A. Cerebral cortex B. Anterior pituitary C. Hypothalamus D. Cerebellum

C. Hypothalamus

Following a meal, a client's blood glucose level has increased. In addition, the client's pancreas has increased the amount of insulin produced and released. Which phenomenon has occurred? A. Adjustment of insulin requirements based on time the meal was consumed B. Hypothalamic-pituitary control of hormone levels. C. Increased hormone level according to a negative feedback mechanism D. Hormone production and release via the positive feedback cycle.

C. Increased hormone level according to a negative feedback mechanism

While teaching a science class, the instructor mentions that both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions occur without entering the bloodstream. A student asks, "What cells do paracrine actions affect?" Which response is correct? A. Stored B. Target C. Local D. Self

C. Local

Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones? A. Hypothalamus B. Pancreas C. Pituitary D. Thyroid

C. Pituitary

The nurse is educating a client with a newly diagnosed thyroid cancer. Which testing procedure should be reviewed because it allows good examination of the tissue structure and provides information about the tissue function as well? A. Dual-electron x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan B. Magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) C. Positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) D. Ultrasonography

C. Positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT)

A client receives steroids for several months to treat an inflammatory condition. Which action by the primary health care provider indicates an understanding of the negative feedback mechanism when the client no longer needs the medication? A. Scheduling a positron emission tomography scan a week after stopping the drug B. Instructing the client to stop taking the medication C. Prescribing a tapering dose of the medication over weeks D. Measuring urine catecholamine levels before stopping the drug

C. Prescribing a tapering dose of the medication over weeks

As part of maintaining homeostasis, why are hormones, secreted by endocrine cells, continuously inactivated? A. Free receptor sites B. Absorb metabolic waste C. Prevent accumulation D. Stimulate production

C. Prevent accumulation

The nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Which information will the nurse include related to how thyroid hormone is transported in blood? Thyroid hormone is transported by: A. Prohormones B. Target cells C. Protein carriers D. Cholesterol molecules

C. Protein carriers

A middle-aged female client has been diagnosed with a thyroid condition. The nurse educates the client about the prescription and needed follow-up lab work, which will help regulate the dosage. The client asks, "Why do I not return to the clinic for weeks, since I am starting the medication tomorrow morning?" The nurse bases the answer on the knowledge that thyroid hormones: A. cause many side effects, and the clinic wants the client to be on the medication for several weeks so that all the effects can be reported. B. will begin working right away, and the clinic wants to see how the body is responding to the drug. C. may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action. D. can cause weight loss, so the clinic wants to see how much weight the client loses at the return visit.

C. may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action.

A client reports multiple nonspecific concerns, and the health care provider has ordered a positron emission tomography (PET). For which is the client being evaluated? A. the pancreas response to an insulin injection B. radioactivity of the thyroid gland C. tumors located on the endocrine glands D. bone density

C. tumors located on the endocrine glands

The nurse is reviewing the test results of a client who was given thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to evaluate the function of the pituitary gland. The nurse would recognize pituitary dysfunction as: A. Increased TSH levels B. Increased TRH levels C. Decreased TRH levels D. Decreased TSH levels

D. Decreased TSH levels

When caring for a client who is being screened for osteoporosis, the nurse plans to evaluate the results of which diagnostic test? A. Positron emission tomography (PET) B. Computed tomography (CT) C. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

D. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

An adult client is scheduled for testing of a suspected growth hormone (GH)-secreting tumor. Which result from the glucose suppression test would confirm the condition? A. Hypoglycemia B. Hyperinsulinemia C. Decreased GH levels D. Increased GH secretion

D. Increased GH secretion

Which organ system is matched with the preferred type of imaging? A. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan of the adrenal glands B. Ultrasound of bone density C. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the thyroid gland D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland

D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland

A client with a history of brain tumors that resulted in partial removal of the pituitary gland years ago expresses concern to the health care provider about whether she will be able to breast-feed her infant. Which physiologic function of the pituitary gland facilitates breast milk production? A. Oxytocin B. Growth hormone (GH) C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) D. Prolactin

D. Prolactin

Which manifestation would a nurse expect when assessing a child with insufficient growth hormone (GH) secretion? A. Increased susceptibility to infection B. Mental sluggishness C. Lower blood calcium levels D. Rank below 10% on the growth chart

D. Rank below 10% on the growth chart

The nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which statement about the role of the thyroid gland is most accurate? A. The thyroid gland promotes development of secondary sex characteristics. B. The thyroid gland releases neurotransmitters when the "flight or flight" mechanism is stimulated. C. The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating serum calcium levels. D. The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate.

D. The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate.

Sometimes the measurement of hormones is done through a urine sample. What is an advantage of measuring hormone levels through a urine sample rather than a blood sample? A. Blood sampling has more pure hormone than urine does. B. Urine has more accurate measurements of hormones. C. There are more hormone metabolites in urine than in blood. D. Urine samples are easily obtained.

D. Urine samples are easily obtained.

Hormones are chemical messengers that provide which function in the body? A. Transport fatty acids and lipids B. Regulate body functions C. Initiate immune reactions D. Cause one specific tissue effect

Regulate body functions

Hormones that cause the subsequent stimulation or release of another hormone, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, typically belong to which structural classification?

Peptide proteins and glycoproteins