Chapter 44 Quiz Questions

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (the RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways? * a. ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption. b. ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. c. Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. d. ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place

a. ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption.

Urea is produced in the _____. * a. liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide b. liver from glycogen c. kidneys from glycerol and fat d. bladder from uric acid and water

a. liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide

Where filtration occurs in the nephron. * a. loop of Henle b. Bowman's capsule c. the proximal tubule d. the distal tubule

b. Bowman's capsule

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the a. starch and cellulose b. triglycerides and steroids c. proteins and nucleic acids d. phospholipids and glycolipids

c. proteins and nucleic acids

One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates?I) ammoniaII) uric acidIII) urea * a. only I and III b. only II and III c. only I and II d. I, II, and III

d. I, II, and III

Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals? * a. To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels, the shark must take up additional sodium and chloride from seawater. b. Sodium and chloride will diffuse into shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient. c. Sharks conserve sodium and chloride, limiting excretion. d. Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills.

b. Sodium and chloride will diffuse into shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient.

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in _____. * a. flatworms b. insects c. jellyfish d. sea stars

b. insects

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. * a. the concentration gradient, ADP b. the concentration gradient, ATP c. transmembrane pumps, electron transport d. phosphorylated protein carriers, ATP

b. the concentration gradient, ATP

To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____. * a. excrete large quantities of electrolytes b. consume large quantities of water c. excrete large quantities of water d. take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

c. excrete large quantities of water

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are _____. * a. hyperosmotic b. hypoosmotic c. isoosmotic d. hyperosmotic and isoosmotic

c. isoosmotic

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____. * a. is readily soluble in water b. is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products c. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass d. can be reused by birds as a protein source

c. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

Where dose absorption of most substances other than NaCl and water occur in the nephron? * a. loop of Henle b. Bowman's capsule c. the proximal tubule d. the distal tubule

c. the proximal tubule