Chapter 45

The American holly tree requires "male" and "female" tree produce red berries in the winter, which indicates that the male flowers lack _______ and the female flowers lack ______.

Carpels; stamens

During late-summer walk through a park, you notice a tree that has remnants of many flowers but no fruits or seeds developing. There are no other trees like this one in the area. What could explain this occurrence?

It is a male tree with only male flowers that produce pollen, but no seed, and hence does not form fruit.

Endosperm has allowed the angiosperms to become the most numerous and diverse plant group. What is the role of the endosperm?

It provides nutrition for the developing embryo, therefore increasing survival rates.

Meiosis produces a ______, which eventually gives rise to an egg in an underutilized seed.

Megaspore

In the fern life cycle, how do spores and gametes differ?

Meiotic cell division produces haploid spores; mitotic cell division produces haploid gametes.

Ferns and mosses mainly live in ________ environments.

Moist

Desert plants often have _____ in their seed coats that keep them dormant until there is enough rain to complete their life cycle.

Water-soluble chemicals

The seed coat develops from the

integuments of the ovule

An incomplete flower

lacks one or more of the four basic floral parts

A pollen grain is actually the

male gametophyte

______ results in the production of spores in flowering plants.

meiosis

Which of the following undergoes meiosis during the development of pollen grains?

microspore mother cell

In flowering plants, the sperm does not have to swim to the egg. The sperm reaches the eggs by

pollen tube

The sporophyte produces

spores by meiosis

In the life cycle of a fern, the large fern plant that we normally see is the

sporophyte

The sexual life cycle of plants is described as alternation of generations because it alternates between

sporophytes and gametophytes

A plant, such as an iris, that reproduces asexually most of the time probably

has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents.

The male reproductive structure, the stamen, consists of

A filament that bears an anther

Which of the following pollinators would likely visit a flower that is relatively simple in design and smells like rotting carrion?

Beetles

In general, the plant life cycle has evolved from ________ to ________.

Dominant gametophyte; dominant sporophyte

Cotyledons, or "seed leaves", absorb food molecules stored in the

Endosperm

Cotyledons and endosperm both provide nutrition. What is the difference between them?

Endosperm provides nutrition for the developing embryo; cotyledons provide nutrition for the young seedling.

The female gametophyte of angiosperms is made up of eight diploid cells and one haploid egg cell.

False

In flowering plants, the underutilized ovule contains the

Female gametophyte

If you see moss near the base of a tree in your yard, the green leafy moss plants are

Gametophytes

Angiosperms with wind-dispersed pollen include

Grasses

Which of the following has a gametophyte that is an independent plant that dominates the life cycle and does NOT have a sporophyte that is an independent plant?

Moss

Which of the following is "male" in the life cycle of angiosperms?

Pollen grain

In general, plants have evolved from ______ to _______

Seedless; seed

______ are modified leaves that are often green and surround the flower bud.

Sepals

In the development of a plant's ovule, the result is a gametophyte made up of

Seven cells: six haploid cells and one cell with two nuclei

Spores and gametes are both haploid reproductive cells. What is the difference between the two?

Spores germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.

An oak tree is a

Sporophyte

Which of the following is true for female reproductive structures in angiosperms?

The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary.

What is the evolutionary significance of a flower that has large, brightly colored petals?

These flowers attract pollinators that are animals.

Grass flowers lack petals and sepals. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

They are incomplete flowers lacking one or more floral parts.

When we consume whole grains, we are eating endosperm

True

The immature angiosperm pollen grain consists of a tube cell and a generative cell that will divide to produce ______ sperm cells.

Two

While walking along a riverbank after a swim, you step on a sharp fruit. When you pick it up, you notice that it rattles, which indicates there is an air pocket around the seeds. How is the fruit most likely dispersed?

Water

In the alternation of generations, what is formed when a spore germinates?

a haploid stage called the gametophyte

A flowering plant produces pollen in the

anther

The male gametophyte of flowering plants is produced by cell divisions within the

anther

Flowers that make pollen, but not ovules, lack

carpels

The first leaves produced by an embryo while still inside the seed are

cotyledons

All of the following are processes that occur during angiosperm reproduction EXCEPT

one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six-celled embryo sac.

A fruit is a mature

ovary

All of the following are included in the male parts of a flower EXCEPT

ovules

______ are modified leaves that are often brightly colored and scented to attract pollinators

petals

All of these flower structures are modified leaves EXCEPT

pollen

The female reproductive structure, the carpel, consists of

stigma, style, ovary

What are the results of double fertilization?

triploid endosperm and diploid zygote

Conifers do not have flowers to attract pollinators. Instead, fertilization occurs

via wind pollination