NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS: Addressing (A3)

IP address

A 32-bit (4-byte) binary number assigned to a computer on a TCP /IP network.

subnet mask

In IPv4 addressing, a 32-bit number that, when combined with a device's IP address, indicates what kind of subnet the device belongs to

network portion

The left-most bits in an IP address that indicates which super-network, network, or subnetwork the IP address is a member; the bits indicated by 1 bits in the subnet mask

routers

______________ do not propogate broadcasts.

switches

________________ propagate broadcast out all interfaces except the interface the broadcast was received upon

MAC address

a 48-bit (6-byte) hardware address unique to each NIC or onboard network controller; also called a physical address, an adapter address, a hardware address, or a burned-in address

Address Resolution Protocol; ARP

a protocol in the TCP/IP suite used with the command-line utility of the same name to determine the MAC address that corresponds to a particular IP address.

byte/octet

a sequence of 8 bits

bit

a single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1.

public IP address

addresses that are exposed to the internet; any computers on the Internet can potentially communicate with them

private IP address

addresses used by organizations for nodes that need IP connectivity only within their enterprise network, but not external connections to the Internet

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol; DHCP

allows dynamic IP address allocation so users do not have to have a preconfigured IP address to use the network

classful addressing

an IP addressing convention that adheres to network class distinctions, in which the first 8 bits of a Class A address, the first 16 bits of a Class B address, and the first 24 bits of a Class C address are used for network information.

host address

an address that can be assigned to a device such as a host computer, laptop, smart phone, web camera, printer, router, etc.

broadcast address

an address that is used when it is required to reach all devices on the IPv4 network; has all 1 bits in the host portion

network address

an address that represents a specific network

Regional Internet Registries; RIRs

organizations that allocate IP addresses to the largest Internet service providers

classless addressing

the IP addressing standards that allow address allocation based on prefix length rather than predefined class ranges

0.0.0.0-127.0.0.0

the IPv4 network address range for legacy class A is:

128.0.0.0-191.255.0.0

the IPv4 network address range for legacy class B is:

192.0.0.0-233.255.255.0

the IPv4 network address range for legacy class C is:

224.0.0.0-239.0.0.0

the IPv4 network address range for legacy class D is:

240.0.0.0-255.0.0.0

the IPv4 network address range for legacy class E is:

best effort

the characteristic of IP that holds that IP is inherently unreliable because packet delivery is not guaranteed

media independent

the characteristic of IP that holds that operation is independent of the medium

connectionless

the characteristic of IP which states that there is no connection with the destination established before sending data packets

random access memory; RAM

the fast, temporary, chip-based volatile storage in a computing device.

first host address

the host within a network that has all 0 bits with the last (right-most) bit as a 1 bit

last host address

the host within a network that has all 1 bits with the last (right-most) bit as a 0 bit

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority; IANA

the international organization responsible for allocation of IP addresses

class A

the legacy class designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses

class C

the legacy class designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts

class B

the legacy class designed to support the needs of moderate to large sized network with up to approximately 65,000 host addresses

default gateway

the nearest router to a particular host

prefix length/slash notation

the number of bits set to 1 in a subnet mask

binary notation

the number system that consists of the digits 0 and 1; the language that computers use to communicate

dotted decimal notation

the number system that represents data in groups of base-10 numbers separated by dots; much simpler for human use

hexadecimal notation

the number system that uses 16 digits (0-9 & A-F) to represent data; also called a base 16 number system

read-only memory; ROM

the portion of a computer's primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power

logical ANDing

the process performed between Network and broadcast ID by comparing the IP address and the subnet mask to calculate the network address

Network Address Translation; NAT

the protocol that translates the private IP address to a public address for routing over the Internet

host portion

the right-most bits in an IP address, allocated to identify hosts on a super-network, network, or subnetwork; the bits indicated by 0 bits in the subnet mask

connectionless, best effort, and media independent

the three basic characteristics of IP are:

location, group/function, and device type

the three methods that Network Administrators use to subnet are:

IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway

the three pieces of information that must be configured on a host in order for packets to be sent to a remote destination

10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16

the three ranges of IP addresses that are reserved for internal private use: