NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS: Addressing (A3)
IP address
A 32-bit (4-byte) binary number assigned to a computer on a TCP /IP network.
subnet mask
In IPv4 addressing, a 32-bit number that, when combined with a device's IP address, indicates what kind of subnet the device belongs to
network portion
The left-most bits in an IP address that indicates which super-network, network, or subnetwork the IP address is a member; the bits indicated by 1 bits in the subnet mask
routers
______________ do not propogate broadcasts.
switches
________________ propagate broadcast out all interfaces except the interface the broadcast was received upon
MAC address
a 48-bit (6-byte) hardware address unique to each NIC or onboard network controller; also called a physical address, an adapter address, a hardware address, or a burned-in address
Address Resolution Protocol; ARP
a protocol in the TCP/IP suite used with the command-line utility of the same name to determine the MAC address that corresponds to a particular IP address.
byte/octet
a sequence of 8 bits
bit
a single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1.
public IP address
addresses that are exposed to the internet; any computers on the Internet can potentially communicate with them
private IP address
addresses used by organizations for nodes that need IP connectivity only within their enterprise network, but not external connections to the Internet
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol; DHCP
allows dynamic IP address allocation so users do not have to have a preconfigured IP address to use the network
classful addressing
an IP addressing convention that adheres to network class distinctions, in which the first 8 bits of a Class A address, the first 16 bits of a Class B address, and the first 24 bits of a Class C address are used for network information.
host address
an address that can be assigned to a device such as a host computer, laptop, smart phone, web camera, printer, router, etc.
broadcast address
an address that is used when it is required to reach all devices on the IPv4 network; has all 1 bits in the host portion
network address
an address that represents a specific network
Regional Internet Registries; RIRs
organizations that allocate IP addresses to the largest Internet service providers
classless addressing
the IP addressing standards that allow address allocation based on prefix length rather than predefined class ranges
0.0.0.0-127.0.0.0
the IPv4 network address range for legacy class A is:
128.0.0.0-191.255.0.0
the IPv4 network address range for legacy class B is:
192.0.0.0-233.255.255.0
the IPv4 network address range for legacy class C is:
224.0.0.0-239.0.0.0
the IPv4 network address range for legacy class D is:
240.0.0.0-255.0.0.0
the IPv4 network address range for legacy class E is:
best effort
the characteristic of IP that holds that IP is inherently unreliable because packet delivery is not guaranteed
media independent
the characteristic of IP that holds that operation is independent of the medium
connectionless
the characteristic of IP which states that there is no connection with the destination established before sending data packets
random access memory; RAM
the fast, temporary, chip-based volatile storage in a computing device.
first host address
the host within a network that has all 0 bits with the last (right-most) bit as a 1 bit
last host address
the host within a network that has all 1 bits with the last (right-most) bit as a 0 bit
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority; IANA
the international organization responsible for allocation of IP addresses
class A
the legacy class designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses
class C
the legacy class designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts
class B
the legacy class designed to support the needs of moderate to large sized network with up to approximately 65,000 host addresses
default gateway
the nearest router to a particular host
prefix length/slash notation
the number of bits set to 1 in a subnet mask
binary notation
the number system that consists of the digits 0 and 1; the language that computers use to communicate
dotted decimal notation
the number system that represents data in groups of base-10 numbers separated by dots; much simpler for human use
hexadecimal notation
the number system that uses 16 digits (0-9 & A-F) to represent data; also called a base 16 number system
read-only memory; ROM
the portion of a computer's primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power
logical ANDing
the process performed between Network and broadcast ID by comparing the IP address and the subnet mask to calculate the network address
Network Address Translation; NAT
the protocol that translates the private IP address to a public address for routing over the Internet
host portion
the right-most bits in an IP address, allocated to identify hosts on a super-network, network, or subnetwork; the bits indicated by 0 bits in the subnet mask
connectionless, best effort, and media independent
the three basic characteristics of IP are:
location, group/function, and device type
the three methods that Network Administrators use to subnet are:
IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway
the three pieces of information that must be configured on a host in order for packets to be sent to a remote destination
10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16
the three ranges of IP addresses that are reserved for internal private use: