Chapter 5-7,

Charles Townshend

"Champagne Charley"- gave great speeches even while drunk; persuaded parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Act

Noche Triste (June 30th, 1520)

"Sad Night" when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds; Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.

Edict of Nantes

(1598) Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Long reigning French monarch who took a keen interest in colonization, sending French explorers throughout North America, establishing outposts in present day Canada and Louisiana, and launching France to global preeminence. Louis XIV oversaw the construction of the magnificent palace at Versailles, from where he ruled until his death.

Act of Toleration

(1649) Law passed in Maryland to guaranteed the rights of the Catholics who founded the colony to worship as they pleased despite the rapid influx of Protestants. This law allowed all Christians to worship freely in Maryland but established the death penalty for non-Christians. It was a step toward the establishment of religious freedom in America.

Half-way covenant

(1662) Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second- and third- generation Puritans.

Bacon's Rebellion

(1676) Uprising of Virginia back-country farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon. Initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.

Leisler's Rebellion

(1689-1691) Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to re-create European social structures in the New World.

King William's War

(1689-1697) War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies from 1689-1697. The colonial theater of the larger War of the League of Augsburg in Europe.

Salem witch trials

(1692-1693) Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the governor of Massachusetts.

Edward Braddock

(1695-1755) Hardheaded and imperious British general, whose detachment of British and colonial soldiers was routed by French and Indian forces at Fort Duquesne.

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713) Second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain.

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.

William Pitt

(1708-1778) British parliamentarian who rose to prominence during the French and Indian War as the brilliant tactician behind Britain's victory over France.

James Wolfe

(1727-1759) Young British commander who skillfully outmaneuvered French forces in the Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War.

King George's War

(1744-1748) North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.

Albany Congress

(1754) Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Quebec, Battle of

(1759) Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Battle of Québec

(1759) Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Québec. The surrender of Québec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Pontiac's uprising

(1763) Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(Founded in 1630) Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

(Seven Years' War) (1754-1763) Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

War of Jenkins's Ear

(began in 1739) Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742.

Samuel de Champlain

(c.1567-1635) French soldier and explorer, dubbed the "Father of New France" for establishing the city of Quebec and fighting alongside the Huron Indians to repel the Iroquois.

Pontiac

(c.1720-1769) Ottawa chief who led an uprising against the British in the wake of the French and Indian war. Initially routing British forces at Detroit, him and his men succumbed after British troops distributed small-pox infected blankets among the Indians.

Imperial Strengths and Weaknesses

1. Americans had brashly rebelled against a mighty empire; population odds were 3:1 (some 7.5 Britons to 2.5 million colonists) 1. Britain boasted a professional army of fifty thousand men, as compared with the numerous but wretchedly trained American militia. 2. George III had the treasury to hire foreign soldiers and 30k Hessians were ultimately employed; the British enrolled 50k American Loyalists and enlisted the services of many Indians 2. Yet Britain was weaker than it seemed at first ; oppressed Ireland was a smoking volcano, and British troops had to be detached; France, bitter from defeat, was awaiting an opportunity to stab Britain in the back; London government was inept 3. Many earnest and God-fearing Britons had no desire to kill their American cousins; the English Whig factions, opposed to Lord North's Tory wing, openly cheered American victories; Whigs believed that the battle for British freedom was being fought in America 4. Britain's army in America had to operate under endless difficulties; the generals were second-rate; the soldiers were cruelly treated; Britain was operating some 3,000 miles from its home base and distance added greatly to the delays and uncertainties arising from storms and other mishaps when crossing the Atlantic Ocean. 5. America's geographical expanse was enormous: roughly 1,000 by 600 miles; the Americans wisely traded space for time (captured cities did little to affect the country)

Navigation Laws Ideas

1. Only British ships could transport imported and exported goods from the colonies. 2. The only people who were allowed to trade with the colonies had to be British citizens. 3. Commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton wool which were produced in the colonies could be exported only to British ports.

Conquistadors

16th century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Inca empires.

King George's War

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Pontiac

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

Jacobus Arminius

A Dutch theologian who was the head of the Armenians. His main doctrine taught that an individual's free will, not predestination, determined a person's holiness or damnation.

Hiawatha

A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.

joint-stock company

A business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone. They share the profits in proportion to the amount they invest. English entrepreneurs used joint-stock companies to finance the establishment of New World colonies.

charter

A document organizing a colony and defining it's rights and privileges.

Radical Whigs

A group of British political commentators, known as the "radical whigs" made attacks on the patronage and bribery used by the king's ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for possible corruption. Whigs were strongly against authoritarian government, aristocracy, and monarchy.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

Republicanism

A just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.

Captain John Smith

Admiral of New England, an English soldier, sailor, and author. This person is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1781. It was the first written Constitution adopted by colonists

Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1784)

African-American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems; as a young girl, Wheatley lived in Boston, and was later taken to England where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Agreement to form a government by will of the majority in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.

Nonimportation agreements

Agreements made to not import British goods. United the American people for the first time in common action- gave ordinary American men & women opportunities to participate in protests; this public defiance spread revolutionary fervor throughout American colonial society

Three-Sister Farming

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 CE; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Navigation Law of 1650

All goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers, who were trying to get their way into the American carrying trade.

blue laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

King William's War

Also known as the War of the league of Augsburg, it lasted from 1689-1697. It was the third time the major European powers crushed the expansionist plans of King Louis XIV of France.

John Trumbull

American artist and painter who painted four panels in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington: The Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and The Resignation of General Washington.

John Singleton Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Voyageurs

An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.

Anne Hutchinson

Antinomian religious dissenter brought to trial for heresy in Massachusetts Bay after arguing that she need not follow God's laws or man's, and claiming direct revelation from God. Banished from the Puritan colony, she moved to Rhode Island and later New York, where she and her family were killed by Indians.

English Civil War (1642-1651)

Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Paxton Boys (1764)

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans

Charles II

Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. He sought to establish firm control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland.

American Advantages pre-rev

Basic military supplies. One reason for the eventual alliance with France was the need for a source of firearms. Food was in short supply; manufactured goods also were generally in short supply in agricultural America and clothing and shoes were appallingly scarce. American militiamen were numerous but also highly unreliable. Blacks also fought and died for the American cause- loyalists too tho.

Navigation Laws Chronology (after 1763)

Before 1763 the English civil war and the Glorious Revolution were taking place in Europe. During this time the British had to deal with the wars in Europe and didn't enforce the Navigation Acts. Colonists then stopped following the laws, and smuggling and bribery became a common sight. The colonists began trading with non-British colonies in the Caribbean, this trading contributed to many merchants and farmers prospering. Britain once again tried to enforce these laws after the French and Indian War, but the colonists sternly objected (see below- George Grenville). These acts aroused great hostility in the American colonies. They were finally revoked in 1849 after Britain supported the policy of free trade.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

antinomianism

Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.

Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Pontiac's Uprising

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Edmund Burke

British statesman who supported the American cause

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

Brought together in New York City, 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation. The meeting's ripples began to erode sectional suspicions, for it had brought together around the same table leaders from the different and rival colonies. Although it had little effect and Britain ignored it, the Congress was still one step towards intercolonial unity.

predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect."

Duke of York

Catholic English monarch who reigned as James II from 1685 until he was deposed during the Glorious Revolution in 1689. When the English seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they renamed it in the his honor to commemorate his support for the colonial venture.

Royal Colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic

Royal Colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors

"No taxation w/o representation"

Colonists upset about taxing when they don't have representation in government

John Trumbull (1756-1843)

Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions; was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence

Old Lights

Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers; they preferred to emphasize the importance of cultivating a virtuous Christian life.

December 16, 1773

Date of the Boston Tea Party. Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea.

Proclamation of 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies.

Yamasee Indians

Defeated in the South Carolinians in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies.

John Adams

Defense attorney for the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre

Peter Stuyvesant

Director general of Dutch New Netherland from 1645 until the colony fell to the British in 1664.

Calvinism

Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.

Fundamental Orders (1639)

Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution.

Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609)

Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect

William III and Mary II

Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689. They relaxed control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War.

American + = Marquis de Lafayette

EVERYONE GIVE IT UP FOR AMERICA'S FAVORITE FIGHTING FRENCHMAN- lAFFAYETTE! Major general in the colonial army at the age of 19. The "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.

Economic Difficulty

Economic difficulties were nearly insuperable; metallic money had already been heavily drained away and the Continental Congress was forced to print "continental" paper money in great amounts—it depreciated to worth little more than nothing. Inflation of the currency inevitably skyrocketed prices; families of the soldier at the fighting front were hard hit; debtors easily acquired handfuls of the quasi-worthless money and gleefully paid their debts "without mercy"

Capitalism

Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.

Headright system

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Proprietary Colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Roanoke Island

English colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Henry Hudson

English explorer who ventured into New York Bay and up the Hudson River for the Dutch in 1609 in search of a Northwest Passage across the continent.

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

William Bradford

Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims who left England for Holland, and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in Massachusetts. His account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains a classic of American literature and in indispensable historical source.

Regulator movement (1768-1771)

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite

Sugar Act of 1764

FIRST EVER LAW passed by Parliament to raise TAX REVENUE in the colonies for England. Increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their hold in the name of Christ.

Powhatan

Father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, he left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until his death.

Phillis Wheatley

First African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published.

Barbados slave code

First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

John Winthrop

First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. An able administrator and devout Puritan, he helped ensure the prosperity of the newly-established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy, taking a hard line against religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson.

Canadian Shield

First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level.

First Committee of Correspondence

Flames of discontent in America continued due to efforts of the British officials to enforce the Navigations Laws. Sam Adams organized committee, and this soon spread. Chief function was to spread the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters and keep opposition to British policy; intercolonial committees of correspondence were the next logical step; Virginia led the way in 1773 with House of Burgesses, later evolved directly into the first American congresses

Battle of Acoma (1599)

Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present day New Mexico; Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Father Junipero Serra (1713-1784)

Franciscan priest who established a chain of missions along the California coast, beginning in San Diego in 1769, with the aim of Christianizing and civilizing peoples.

Huguenots

French Protestant dissenters, they were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. After King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many Huguenots fled elsewhere, including to British North America.

John Calvin

French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots and members of the Dutch Reformed Church. He argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God, who predestined select individuals for salvation.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Robert de La Salle (1643-1687)

French explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680's.

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns."

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur

French settler on America in the 1770's; he posed the question of what "American" is after seeing people in America like he had never seen before. American really became a mixture of many nationalities.

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur (1735-1813)

French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity—an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures

Marquis de Lafayette

French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.

squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

Genoese explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in 1492 while in search of a new water route to Asia; Columbus made three subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and briefly served as a colonial administrator on the island of Hispaniola, present day Haiti.

Martin Luther

German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517.

Baron von Steuben

German who helped to whip the Amerian fighters into shape for fighting the British.

Colonists Reaction to Stamp/Sugar Act (conspiracy)

Grenville's legislation jeopardized the basic rights of the colonists as Englishmen (no trial by jury in admiralty courts). Conspiracies floated: Why was a British army needed at all in the colonies, now that the French were expelled from the continent and Pontiac's warriors crushed? People cried: "No taxation without representation," and the Americans wanted a distinction between "legislation" and "taxation" but didn't want direct representation in Parliament. Britain began to consider their own political indepence-leading to revolutionary consequences.

"virtual" representation

Grenville's position that Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member in Parliament.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Crispus Attucks

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr

Incas

Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532; developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.

The First Continental Congress

In 1774, met in Philidelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the intolerable acts. September 5 to October 26, 1774; it was not a legislative but a consultative body—a convention rather than a congress (John Adams played a stellar role) After prolonged argument the Congress drew up several dignified papers; these included a ringing Declaration of Rights, as well as solemn appeals to other British American colonies, to the king, and to the British people

Lexington and Concord

In April 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to nearby Lexington and Concord; they were to seize store's of colonial gunpowder and also to bag the ringleaders. "Minute Men" refused to disperse rapidly enough and shots were fired that killed 8 Americans and wounded more; the affair was more "Lexington Massacre" than battle; redcoats pushed on to Concord whence they were forced to retreat by Americans. Britain finally had a war on its hands with the Americans

Middlemen

In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers or goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers; after the 11th century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.

Malinche (Dona Maria) (ca. 1501-1550)

Indian slave woman who served as an interpreter for Hernan Cortes on his conquest of the Aztecs; later married one of Cortes' soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain.

conversion

Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.

Regulator Movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) (ca. 1450-1498)

Italian explorer sent by England's King Henry VII to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498.

George Whitefield (1714-1770)

Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening; emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

King George III

King George III, the king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

Henry VIII

King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation; Created the Anglican Church; His actions fostered the Protestant Reformation which led to many new sects of Christianity

War of Jenkin's Ear

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. The name comes from a British captain named Jenkins, whose ear was cut off by the Spanish.

Plantation

Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor.

Moctezuma (1466-1520)

Last of the Aztec rulers, who saw his powerful empire crumble under the force of the Spanish invasion led by Hernan Cortes.

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats. the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them (one of the first to die was Crispus Attucks).

John Singleton Copley (1738-1815)

Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere; loyalist during the Revolutionary war, he spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes from English history

Samuel Adams

Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty)

Indentured servants

Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration dressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.

Great English Migration (1630-1642)

Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as twenty-five thousand Native Americans.

Sir Edmond Andros

Much loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies. He established strict control, doing away with town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent. When word of the Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists, they promptly dispatched he back to England.

Aztecs

Native American empire that controlled present day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by spaniard Hernan Cortes; maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute; came to be known for their advances in mathematics, writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

Zenger Trial (1734-1735)

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel

Zenger Trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

John Peter Zenger (1697-1746)

New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state's corrupt royal governor; his acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

John Hancock

Notable American who amassed a fortune by wholesale smuggling

Jeremiad

Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century. Named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality

British East India Company of 1773

Overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, to be a nice parent, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was a trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea and hence, the Boston Tea Party erupted.

Bostom Port Act

Part of the intolerable acts. It closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured.

Intolerable Acts

Passed by Parliament in 1774. Punished the MA people for Boston Tea Party, which restricted their rights. the laws restricted town meetings and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonies in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial. Branded in America as the "massacre of American liberty."

Townshend Acts

Passed in 1767 by Parliament, by "Champagne Charley" it put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. They took the new tax less seriously largely because it was light and indirect and found that they could secure smuggled tea at a cheap price.

The Quebec Act

Passed in 1774, but was not a part of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law. This law nullified many of the western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio river on the south and to the Mississippi river. The law was good in bad company, to the colonists, it was terrible (land, religion)

Mestizos

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notable in Mexico.

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

George Grenville

Prime minister who, in 1763, ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation laws to obtain funds for Britain after the Seven Year's War. He also secured from Parliament the Stamp Act. the Sugar Act of 1764, and the Quartering Act.

William Penn

Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681. He established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity, and ethnic and religious toleration.

buffer

Protective barrier between two antagonistic powers. intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In british north america georgia was est as a buffer colony between british and spanish territory

Pope's Rebellion (1680)

Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England, she established the Anglican Church after her sister had tried to rid England of all Protestants

Bartolome de Las Casas (1484-1566)

Reform minded Spanish missionary who worked to abolish the Encomienda system and documented the mistreatment of Indians in the Spanish colonies.

Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution (1688-1689)

Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.

Quakers

Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s)

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century

Quartering Act of 1765

Resentment from the Sugar Act was kept burning by the Quartering Act of 1765, which required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Lord Dunmore

Royal british governor of Virginia. In 1755 he issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British Army "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment"

William Berkeley

Royal governor of Virginia, with brief interruptions, from 1641 until his death. A member of Virginia's seaboard elite, he drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks, eventually leading to Bacon's Rebellion.

Roger Williams

Salem minister who advocated a complete break from the Church of England and criticized the Massachusetts Bay colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians. Banished for his heresies, he established a small community in present-day Rhode Island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England.

2 rebel ringleaders

Samuel Adams and John Hancock

Adam Smith

Scottish "father of modern economics" who attacked mercantilism

voyageurs

See coureurs de bois.

Congregational Church

Self-governing Puritan congregation without hierarchal establishment of the Anglican Church.

King Phillip's War (1675-1676)

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

Pequot War (1636-1638)

Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

Slave codes

Set of laws beginning in 1662 defining racial slavery. They established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited the rights and education of slaves.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Signed by Spain and Portugal, it divided the territories of the New World; Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Declatory Act

Since the machinery for the stamp tax had broken, Britain had to take action after repealing it. They didn't understand why they paid heavy taxes while in the colonies, they refused to pay 1/3 the amount. The Declaratory Act was passed by Parliament, reaffirming its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. The stage was set for confrontation.

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of them made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.

Caravel

Small vessel with high decks and three triangular sails; could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the western shores of Africa.

Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475-1541)

Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas in 1532 and founded the city of Lima, Peru.

Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain.

Francisco Coronado (1510-1554)

Spanish explorer who ventured from western Mexico through present day Arizona and up to Kansas in search of fabled golden cities.

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend" or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them.

Isabella of Castile (1451-1504)

Spanish monarch who, along with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon, who funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, which led to his discover of the West Indies.

Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516)

Spanish monarch who, along with his wife Isabella of Castile, who funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, which led to his discovery of the West Indies.

Admiralty Courts

Stamp Act and Sugar Act offenses were tried in this court. Juries were not allowed and the burden of proof was on the defendant. All were assumed to be guilty until proven innocent. Trial by jury and innocent until proven guilty were basic rights that the British people everywhere had held dear.

Molasses Act (1737)

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling

Stamp Act of 1765

Tax on the colonies that was intended to raise revenues to support a new military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper, certifying payment of tax. Required on bills of sale for ~50 trade items as well as on playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, and marriage licenses.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Jamestown

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

Thomas Hutchinson

The governor of Massachusetts. when the ships arrived, he forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.

Mercantillism

The ideology that the daughter country (America) only supports the mother country (Britain).

The Association

The most important outcome of the congress. Complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption—the delegates sought merely to repeal the offensive legislation and return to the days before parliamentary taxation

Nation-States

The term commonly describes those societies in which the political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the New and Old World societies after 1492.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

James I

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

The Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty

Took law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements against violators (ransacked houses of unpopular officials).

Regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.

regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.

Middle passage

Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.

coureurs de bois

Translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur-trappers, also known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.

salutary neglect (1688-1763)

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.

South Carolina slave revolt (Stono River) (1739)

Uprising also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than 50 South Carolina blacks along the Stono River; the slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia

New York slave revolt (1712)

Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks

patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

Metacom (King Phillip)

Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades.

Massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who signed a peace treaty with Plymouth Bay settlers in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

War between the Powhatan Confederacy and Jamestown from 1644-1648 in which the Powhatans tried to reclaim their land from from the colonists, but failed. This ended in a treaty that rejected any thoughts of assimilating the natives into English culture and banished the Powhatan from Virginia

New England Confederation (1643)

Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War

Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758)

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense

Nathaniel Bacon

Young Virginia planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks.

Iroquois Confederacy

a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida - in the mohawk valley of what is now New York State

Tuscarora War

began with an Indian attack on Newbern, NC, remaining Indian survivors migrated and joined Iroquois Confederacy

House of Burgessess

created in 1619, (in Virginia) the first representative assembly in the American colonies. Could pass laws and set taxes.

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

First Anglo-Powhatan War

led by Lord De La Warr, troops raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. Settled in 1614 by the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas.

James Wolfe

the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.

Spanish Armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Triangular trade

—Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade

Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)

—New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening; Edwards emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone