Chapter 5-7 Quiz Review

Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger?

Organizations create alienation.

In brief, what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter's research show?

Organizations must "open up" their structure in order to bring out the best in their employees.

According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a "female advantage"?

Women place greater emphasis on communication.

A hate crime is defined as

a criminal act motivated by race or other bias.

Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as

a primary group.

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

a social group

Sarah feels little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex. Her sexual orientation is called

asexuality.

"The recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of

deviance

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on

differences in power between various categories of people.

One of the traits linked to the process of McDonaldization is

efficiency.

The concept "homophobia" refers to

fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

The majority of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in

human biology, although social experience plays some role.

A common myth is that

in most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker.

A secondary group is a social group that

is impersonal and engages in some specific activity.

The importance of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality in the United States was

making sexuality a focus of scientific study.

The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of

secondary sex characteristics.

Which concept refers to the biological distinction between males and females?

sex

Which of the following concepts refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person?

sexual orientation

The text speaks of "opposing trends" in today's world of formal organizations because

some organizations have evolved toward flatter, more flexible forms, but others remain rigid organizations patterned by McDonald's.

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?

the act and criminal intent

According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include

the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity.

The more global our view of sexuality

the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality.

Most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the United States are resolved

through plea bargaining.

Which type of formal organization do people join in order to obtain money and other material benefits?

utilitarian organization

Prostitution is regarded by many people in the United States as a

victimless crime.

During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the United States by being

more collective in their orientation.

Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the United States is about _____ what official reports indicate.

more than twice as high as

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, the term ________ correctly describes the behavior of a school "dropout" who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them.

retreatist