Chapter 5
About 17 percent of people have at least one contact with police a year, and most of those contacts are to report problems or ask for assistance. True/False
False
According to social structure theory, an offender goes through a careful decision-making process, weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions before engaging in criminal behavior. True/False
False
Among the most publicized community policing concepts is that of intelligence-led policing. True/False
False
An immediate relationship must always exist between the act and the actor's intent for a crime to occur. True/False
False
Detectives are considered the backbone of policing and account for two-thirds of a department's personnel. True/False
False
Evaluations of foot patrol indicate that it significantly lowers crime rates. True/False
False
Evidence shows that targeting specific crimes through directed patrol has no influence on crime rates. True/False
False
Federal police agencies are the only agencies that have not privatized at least in part to cut expenses. True/False
False
In medieval England, a group of 10 families called tithings had their affairs overseen by a constable. True/False
False
Most municipal police departments in the United States are linked to state police agencies and their administrative authority. True/False
False
One reason for investigative ineffectiveness is that there are often too many detectives with competing views on a case for it to be solved efficiently. True/False
False
Predictive policing aims to predict crimes and offenders but doesn't analyze patterns or likelihood of victimization. True/False
False
Problem-oriented policing focuses equally on problem solving and reactive crime fighting. True/False
False
Supervisors are often wary of community-oriented policing because of the extra training it involves. True/False
False
The average police officer can expect to make about 10 arrests per month for serious crimes. True/False
False
Vice squads target violent crimes like robbery and assault. True/False
False
A National Institute of Justice study revealed that rapid response times had virtually no effect on crime. True/False
True
A defense of necessity can be successful if the defendant can prove any reasonable person could not have behaved in any other way. True/False
True
A number of county law enforcement agencies are now engaging in antiterror and homeland security activities. True/False
True
About 23 state police agencies have the same general police powers as municipal police and are territorially limited in their exercise of law enforcement regulations only by the state's boundaries. True/False
True
According to biosocial theory, elements of the environment interact with biological factors to influence behavior. True/False
True
According to the "broken windows" concept, the cooperation of citizens with the police can help reduce fear and successfully combat crime. True/False
True
Although most common-law crimes require intent, mens rea is not essential for strict liability crimes. True/False
True
An ex post facto law would inflict a greater punishment than was available when the crime was first committed. True/False
True
College degrees may have little direct impact on the promotion potential of a police officer. True/False
True
Community-oriented policing emphasizes sharing power with local groups and individuals and changing management styles within departments. True/False
True
Data mining is a process where computer software identifies crime patterns and links them to suspects.. True/False
True
During the 1960s, courts expanded the civil rights of suspects, while police complained they had been handcuffed by the courts. True/False
True
Forensic science can range from looking at toxicology and blood patterns to analyzing handwriting. True/False
True
High-definition surveying of crime scenes allows the crime scene to be preserved exactly as it was and limits crime scene contamination. True/False
True
In colonial America, the sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime, but he did collect taxes. True/False
True
Internal affairs units are often feared and distrusted by fellow police officers. True/False
True
Investigations are more likely to be successful when a crime is reported while in progress. True/False
True
It is currently recognized that a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated in geographic "hot spots." True/False
True
Many early police reform efforts failed because the private citizens appointed to enact reform lacked expertise about the complexities of police work. True/False
True
One of the goals of fusion centers is to emphasize terrorism prevention and crime fighting with extensive use of technology. True/False
True
One of the major purposes for a patrol is to practice order maintenance in an assigned jurisdiction. True/False
True
Proactive policing involves stopping motor vehicles and aggressively detaining suspicious persons. True/False
True
The time-in-rank system is designed to promote stability and fairness and to limit favoritism. True/False
True
The time-in-rank system prohibits rapid change, which can make a police agency administratively conservative. True/False
True
According to the Monitoring the Future study, approximately ____ percent of teenagers report hurting someone badly enough that the victim needed medical care? a. 10 b. 1 c. 20 d. 5
a. 10
Henry Fielding operated his own monied police, referred to as ___________, which attempted to clean up earlier policing efforts by deciding which cases to investigate and which streets to protect. a. Bow Street Runners b. Friends of Fielding c. Metropolitan Police d. Justices of the peace
a. Bow Street Runners
Intelligence-led policing relies heavily on which of the following? a. Community sources of information and witness interviews b. Offender interviews and citizen complaints c. Victim surveillance and offender interviews d. Confidential informants and suspect surveillance
a. Community sources of information and witness interviews
Madalyn's department is trying something new to fight crime. Her orders are to maintain a presence in the community, get to know the business owners and residents, and gain their trust. What aspect of policing does this approach fit with? a. Community-oriented policing b. Broken windows policing c. Forensic science and analysis d. Aggressive and proactive policing
a. Community-oriented policing
After September 11, 2001, Congress passed legislation authorizing the creation of which agency? a. Department of Homeland Security b. Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management c. Customs and Border Protection d. Drug Enforcement Administration
a. Department of Homeland Security
Which of the following does NOT fall under Madalyn's responsibilities as a patrol officer? a. Gather evidence. b. Maintain order. c. Arrest suspects. d. 'Handle the situation.'
a. Gather evidence.
Which of the following is a commonly cited source of ineffective investigation? a. Length of investigation b. Focus on witnesses instead of victims c. Lack of rapid response d. Too many sources of information
a. Length of investigation
Madalyn has always wanted to be a police officer. She cannot wait to be on the street and chasing down bad guys. In her first month on the job, she makes two arrests and addresses mostly noise complaints and traffic incidents. What is the most logical reason why? a. Police officers engage more in order maintenance than crime-related activities. b. According to the UCR, crime rates are decreasing. c. Investigation is a key role that police officers fulfill. d. Females are treated differently in policing.
a. Police officers engage more in order maintenance than crime-related activities.
Which of the following is not a fundamental assumption of the broken windows model? a. Reactive patrol is necessary. b. Police require citizen cooperation. c. Neighborhoods can give out crime-promoting signals. d. Neighborhood disorder creates fear.
a. Reactive patrol is necessary.
Mark is considering a career in law enforcement and would like to stay in his hometown providing basic law enforcement services. But he is also interested in the court system and public order. What level of policing is the best fit for Mark's aspirations? a. State police b. County police c. Municipal police d. Sheriff
a. State police
Which of the following police operations best exemplifies community-oriented policing? a. The hiring of bilingual officers to patrol neighborhoods with large immigrant populations b. Creation of a well-armed special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team trained in hostage negotiation c. A sting operation where officers pose as fences of stolen property d. Computerized data terminals installed on the dash of all patrol cars
a. The hiring of bilingual officers to patrol neighborhoods with large immigrant populations
The vice squad specializes in: a. crimes of public morals. b. sex crime. c. property crime. d. violent crime.
a. crimes of public morals.
Community-oriented policing links police effectiveness to: a. interrelationships between cooperative police agencies. b. productive interaction with the community being served. c. optimized usage of advanced technology. d. efficient utilization of existing personnel.
a. interrelationships between cooperative police agencies.
In medieval England, the senior law enforcement figure in a county was the _________, who was appointed by the crown or a local landowner and is considered a forerunner of today's sheriff. a. shire reeve b. constable c. watch commander d. peacemaker
a. shire reeve
Madalyn has just earned her degree in information systems. After graduation, she decides to go to the police academy. She believes that working for the police and combining her knowledge of computers would be a great niche field. A job posting for a senior computer technician is posted within the police department. With her degree in information systems, Madalyn applies and is sure she will be welcomed with open arms into the job. The most likely reason she wouldn't get the job is because: a. the time-in-rank system favors experience over degrees. b. more women are needed to handle female criminals on the streets. c. females are treated differently in policing. d. patrol is the backbone of the police department.
a. the time-in-rank system favors experience over degrees.
In the pledge system, people were grouped into families of 10, called _________, and were entrusted with policing their own minor problems. a. tithings b. hundred c. peacemakers d. shire reeves
a. tithings
African Americans make up about 13 percent of the population but account for what percent of Part I violent crime arrests? a. 30 percent b. 36 percent c. 22 percent d. 28 percent
b. 36 percent
A DNA match indicates a ________ to 1 chance that the suspect is the offender. a. 5 million b. 4 billion c. 1 billion d. 1 million
b. 4 billion
In its recommendations on Policy and Oversight, the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing recommended that policies on use of force, gender identification, and racial profiling should also include provisions for what? a. Extra training for each policy enacted b. Collection of demographic data c. Civilian oversight of the policies d. Implementing new technologies to improve policies
b. Collection of demographic data
What technology has allowed precinct commanders to analyze how crime is clustered geographically in their precinct and how patrol officers are being deployed? a. Crime mapping b. CompStat c. Automated license plate recognition d. Drones
b. CompStat
Which of the following is NOT a focus of community policing? a. Order maintenance b. Crime fighting c. Problem solving d. Emergency service
b. Crime fighting
Which of the following is not one of the major purposes of police patrol? a. Deter crime through police presence. b. Issue arrest warrants. c. Facilitate the movement of traffic and people. d. Aid individuals who cannot help themselves.
b. Issue arrest warrants.
Mackenzie is familiar with street life. She was a drug dealer who spent time in jail and prison and then cleaned up her act after she was arrested for the third time. When she was in prison, she learned a lot from her fellow inmates. Now, she spends most of her time hanging out with her friends, some of whom are still dealers. This gives her a chance to be "in the know" but not in trouble. Mackenzie has seen with her own eyes how a nice neighborhood can go downhill into disorder and chaos. She is a product of a neighborhood that was once fairly prosperous and now is full of deteriorated housing. What would be one lesson that she has learned from growing up where she did? a. Improving response time reduces crime. b. Neighborhood disorder creates fear. c. Hot spot policing works in reducing crime. d. Directed policing creates mistrust.
b. Neighborhood disorder creates fear.
The concept of hot spots of crime is most closely associated with which model of policing? a. Police-community relations b. Problem-oriented policing c. Community-oriented policing d. Neighborhood-oriented policing
b. Problem-oriented policing
In early US policing, which area of the country encouraged vigilantes to address social problems like theft of livestock? a. Most areas employed this practice. b. Western territories c. The rural south d. The east
b. Western territories
More than half of the contact that police officers have with civilians is spent _______. a. investigating crime b. responding to complaints c. providing assistance d. handling traffic-related matters
b. responding to complaints
UCR data suggests that the average police officer makes ______ arrests every month. a. 2 b. 8 c. 4 d. 6
c. 4
What is Operation Ceasefire? a. A community-oriented policing program in Chicago aimed at auto theft b. A civilian review board initiative in New York c. A problem-oriented policing program in Boston to get guns off the street d. A crime-mapping program in Dallas designed to plot gun crimes
c. A problem-oriented policing program in Boston to get guns off the street
Which of the following is a method of improving the patrol function? a. Aggressive patrol b. Making more arrests c. All of these d. Targeting specific crimes
c. All of these
Customs and Border Protection is primarily responsible for US borders and points of entry but also encompasses what other area instrumental in that protection? a. Protection of national leaders when they leave US borders b. Untaxed liquor and cigarettes c. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service d. Investigating illegal drug use
c. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
What have evaluations of foot patrol programs in New Jersey and Michigan demonstrated? a. The crime rate went down in foot patrol beats. b. Officer job satisfaction increased. c. Citizen attitudes toward the police improved. d. The crime rate went up in foot patrol beats.
c. Citizen attitudes toward the police improved.
According to this view of crime, criminal law is a set of rules, codified by state authorities, that express norms, goals, and values of the vast majority of society. a. Moral entrepreneur b. Conflict view c. Consensus view d. Interactionist view
c. Consensus view
Which of the following is true? a. All of these statements are true. b. Criminal investigators solve the crime without regard for the legal consequences of their actions. c. Detectives are often handicapped by limited time, money, and resources. d. Criminal investigation serves mostly to support patrol work.
c. Detectives are often handicapped by limited time, money, and resources.
What was a result of the Kansas City Gun Experiment? a. Gun crimes in the target area marginally increased. b. Assaults on police officers increased in the target area. c. Gun crimes decreased in the target area during the experiment. d. Gun crimes were displaced to contiguous beats.
c. Gun crimes decreased in the target area during the experiment.
Gary is a police officer who is also a forensic scientist. Currently, his job is in the crime lab and includes processing fingerprints, examining blood spatter evidence, and testing evidence for DNA. One day he would like to work for the civil justice system instead of the criminal justice system. What kind of analysis would Gary perform in civil justice that he likely does not do as a criminal forensic scientist? a. Trace evidence b. Toxicology c. Handwriting analysis d. Study law enforcement tactics
c. Handwriting analysis
Which of the following is NOT a challenge of community-oriented policing? a. Reorienting values of the police b. Changing attitudes of supervisors c. Identifying hot spots of crime d. Defining community
c. Identifying hot spots of crime
Which of the following is not part of the three-pronged approach contemporary detectives typically take to flesh out the narrative of the crime? a. Informative b. Specific focus c. Interviews only d. General coverage
c. Interviews only
English police officers were originally called "bobbies" because: a. their heads often bobbed up and down as they rode the streets of London on horses. b. an inordinately large number of the original London metropolitan police force was named Bobbie. c. Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation. d. they are trained to bob their head whenever a member of the royal family came into view.
c. Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation.
Andrew has decided that he is going to rob a bank to pay off his debts after losing his job. He buys a gun from a kid who lives in an economically depressed section of town, but he doesn't ask where the gun came from. On the day of the robbery, Andrew decides that he will shoot at the ceiling inside the bank to get everyone's attention. But as he shoots, the bullet ricochets and strikes a bank teller. The teller dies instantly, and in the process of Andrew's getaway, he drops his gun. The "hierarchy rule" would apply to Andrew's situation. To which reporting mechanism does this rule apply? a. NCVS b. Self-report survey c. UCR d. NIBRS
c. UCR
Mark wants to work in the federal law enforcement field in a position that gives him versatility of duties. He should seek employment as an: a. CIA analyst b. DHS agent c. USMS agent d. FBI agent
c. USMS agent
Gary is a police officer who is also a forensic scientist. Currently, his job is in the crime lab and includes processing fingerprints, examining blood spatter evidence, and testing evidence for DNA. Gary has been reassigned to a patrol unit that is focused on reducing youth crime by saturating the area with police officers. Gary has become part of a(n) ______ policing unit. a. hot spot b. aggressive c. community-oriented d. problem-oriented
c. community-oriented
The idea that aggressive policing makes criminals more worried about getting caught and therefore less likely to commit crime is known as the _________. a. broken windows model b. order maintenance c. deterrent effect d. decreasing arrests model
c. deterrent effect
While there are many goals of patrol, most police experts agree that the majority of police patrol efforts are devoted to: a. responding to emergencies. b. deterring crime. c. maintaining order. d. fighting crime.
c. maintaining order.
Aggressive patrol in New York City during the 1990s has been credited with a reduction in: a. prostitution. b. drug dealing. c. violent crime. d. property crim
c. violent crime.
Approximately ____ percent of all sworn officers in the nation's largest police departments are in units that don't allow them to make arrests (such as communications, administration, etc.). a. 15 b. 25 c. 20 d. 33
d. 33
Regardless of the size of the policing organization, this person has general administrative control and sets policy for the entire department's operating branches. a. Patrol sergeant b. Detective lieutenant c. Staff lieutenant d. Chief of police
d. Chief of police
Although Gary currently works in the crime lab, he has noticed that the role of policing is changing in his department. He has seen his fellow officers do more patrolling and problem solving, and there has been a shift from the traditional top-down management approach. What is his department's focus now? a. Watchman-style policing b. Getting back to patrolling as a central function c. Intelligence-led policing d. Community-oriented policing
d. Community-oriented policing
A bank employee is forced to divert funds into a special account on the threat that failure to cooperate will result in the execution of his or her family. Which defense would be most applicable to this situation? a. Necessity b. Entrapment c. Consent d. Duress
d. Duress
Mackenzie is familiar with street life. She was a drug dealer who spent time in jail and prison and then cleaned up her act after she was arrested for the third time. When she was in prison, she learned a lot from her fellow inmates. Now, she spends most of her time hanging out with her friends, some of whom are still dealers. This gives her a chance to be "in the know" but not in trouble. Mackenzie is in contact with the police again, but this time they want her help. They want to know more about an inmate she served time with and the crimes that inmate committed. What type of policing aligns best to how these detectives are investigating the situation? a. Order maintenance b. Street-level drug enforcement c. Problem-oriented policing d. Intelligence-led policing
d. Intelligence-led policing
DNA profiling gained national attention due to the ____ trial. a. Timothy Spence b. Martha Stewart c. Rodney King d. O. J. Simpson
d. O. J. Simpson
Bryan has been considering a career move to some form of surveillance or policing where he directly serves a client's interests. Where would Bryan most likely be successful? a. Office of Homeland Security b. FBI c. USMS d. Private policing
d. Private policing
How do most municipal police departments determine promotion eligibility? a. Performance reviews b. Intelligence testing c. College degrees d. Time-in-rank system
d. Time-in-rank system
Mark is learning about the history of police. He wants to find out if police always protected the public, served the community, and attempted to catch criminals the way they do now. He dives into his history book and finds that the first organized police force was established in 1829. In his studies of policing in early and medieval England, Mark learns about what early practice? a. Peacekeeping and patrol b. Public justice and town hangings c. Just and peaceful patrol d. Tithings and the hue and cry
d. Tithings and the hue and cry
The Kansas City Gun Experiment is an example of: a. reactive patrolling. b. problem-oriented policing. c. community policing. d. directed patrol.
d. directed patrol.
In Martin Innes's study of investigation techniques, he found that police typically canvas neighborhoods, interview friends and family of victims and suspects, and construct victim/suspect timelines to solve a crime, an approach known as _________. a. technology and crime mapping b. sting operations c. specific focus d. general coverage
d. general coverage
A significant portion of a police officer's time is spent: a. waiting for incoming calls that report crimes. b. making arrests and writing reports. c. investigating crime and making arrests. d. handling minor disturbances, service calls, and administrative duties.
d. handling minor disturbances, service calls, and administrative duties.
Jurisdictions that encourage patrol officers to aggressively arrest and detain suspicious persons practice _______ policing. a. preventive b. community-oriented c. reactive d. proactive
d. proactive
When Madalyn is on patrol, she focuses on stopping motor vehicles and aggressively arresting and detaining suspects who pose potential dangers to the community. Her style of policing is called: a. hot spot policing. b. full enforcement. c. directed patrol. d. proactive policing.
d. proactive policing.
According to ____ theory, economic and political forces operate in society as the fundamental causes of criminality. a. trajectory b. developmental c. social process d. social conflict
d. social conflict
A forensic specialist is asked to come study footprints left at the scene of a crime. This analyst would need to be an expert in: a. impression evidence. b. DNA analysis. c. trace evidence. d. toxicology
d. toxicology
