Chapter 5

67) When the arrector pili muscles contract, A) "goose bumps" are formed. B) hairs are shed. C) sweat is released from sweat glands. D) shivering occurs. E) the skin changes color.

A) "goose bumps" are formed.

27) Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

A) 1

94) The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. What is the correct order for these events? 1. inflammation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 2, 4, 1, 3

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

25) The amount of time it takes for a cell to progress from stratum basale to stratum corneum is A) 7-10 days. B) 14 days. C) 5 days. D) 1 day. E) 1 minute.

A) 7-10 days.

13) ________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system. A) Dendritic cells B) Basal cells C) Merkel cells D) Squamous cells E) Melanocytes

A) Dendritic cells

57) Which of the following statements about rickets is not true? A) It is usually genetic. B) It leads to weak bones. C) It leads to skeletal deformity. D) It is prevented by vitamin D. E) It is prevented by sunlight.

A) It is usually genetic.

92) If a fair-skinned person is outside on a hot sunny day, why does his or her skin turn red? A) The blood flow to the skin increases. B) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases. C) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments. D) Carotene production greatly increases. E) Decreased heat causes the skin to turn red.

A) The blood flow to the skin increases.

89) A child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n) A) abrasion. B) laceration. C) puncture. D) incision. E) contusion.

A) abrasion.

34) A surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavage A) closes and heals with relatively little scarring. B) has a tendency to reopen. C) heals slower than incisions made perpendicular to the lines of cleavage. D) does not affect the healing process. E) requires no sutures.

A) closes and heals with relatively little scarring.

6) The tough superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum A) corneum. B) lucidum. C) basale. D) granulosum. E) spinosum.

A) corneum.

7) The largest quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the stratum A) corneum. B) lucidum. C) basale. D) granulosum. E) spinosum.

A) corneum.

21) All of the following contain blood vessels except the A) epidermis. B) papillary layer. C) reticular layer. D) subcutaneous layer. E) hypodermis.

A) epidermis.

87) The cuticle around a nail is the A) eponychium. B) hyponychium. C) free edge. D) perinychium. E) lunula.

A) eponychium.

51) Which of the following is the brown-black form of melanin? A) eumelanin B) phycomelanin C) anthomelanin D) pheomelanin E) promelanin

A) eumelanin

12) All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they A) extend into the hypodermis. B) increase surface area and friction on fingertips. C) cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin. D) produce patterns that are determined partially genetically. E) interconnect with the dermal papillae.

A) extend into the hypodermis.

88) The stratum corneum just under the free edge of a nail is the A) hyponychium. B) lunula. C) eponychium. D) nail root. E) cuticle.

A) hyponychium.

73) A common cause of dandruff is A) inflammation around sebaceous glands. B) lack of sebaceous glands. C) too many sebaceous glands. D) inactive apocrine glands. E) inactive eccrine glands.

A) inflammation around sebaceous glands.

98) A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a A) keloid. B) contusion. C) hematoma. D) psoriasis. E) sclerotome.

A) keloid.

15) The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue? A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium B) simple squamous epithelium C) transitional epithelium D) areolar connective tissue E) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

95) Scar tissue is the result of A) large numbers of inflexible fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area. B) increased numbers of keratinocytes in the epidermal layers in the area of the injury. C) a thickened stratum basale in the area of the injury. D) increased numbers of fibroblasts in the reticular layer of the injured area. E) a lack of sebaceous glands in the injured area.

A) large numbers of inflexible fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

43) An albino individual lacks the ability to produce A) melanin. B) keratin. C) carotene. D) perspiration. E) eleidin.

A) melanin.

32) The drug tretinoin (Retin-A) A) reduces the appearance of fine wrinkles. B) minimizes scarring after surgery. C) stimulates hair growth. D) improves night vision. E) is used to treat dandruff.

A) reduces the appearance of fine wrinkles.

71) The network of sensory nerves that surrounds the base of each hair follicle is the A) root hair plexus. B) hair papilla. C) hair matrix. D) cutaneous plexus. E) subpapillary plexus.

A) root hair plexus.

72) Arrange the layers of the hair follicle from outermost to innermost layers. 1. cuticle 2. glassy membrane 3. medulla 4. connective tissue sheath 5. external root sheath 6. internal root sheath 7. cortex A) 1,5,7,6,2,3,4 B) 4,2,5,6,1,7,3 C) 4,2,6,5,1,7,3 D) 4,6,2,5,7,1,3 E) 4,2,5,6,3,7,1

B) 4,2,5,6,1,7,3

84) Which of the following is not a function of the exocrine sweat gland? A) It cools the surface of the skin. B) It conditions the surrounding skin with its lipid secretion. C) It excretes electrolytes. D) It interferes with adhesion of microorganisms. E) It uses dermicidin as antibiotic protection.

B) It conditions the surrounding skin with its lipid secretion.

52) Which of the following is not true of melanin? A) There is more than 1 type of melanin. B) Melanin is released by exocytosis. C) It is manufactured from tyrosine. D) It is packaged in vesicles called melanosomes. E) It absorbs UV radiation.

B) Melanin is released by exocytosis.

22) The sensory cells associated with the deep layers of the epidermis are A) Pacinian corpuscles. B) Merkel cells. C) melanocytes. D) Meissner's corpuscles. E) keratinocytes.

B) Merkel cells.

38) The subpapillary plexus is A) a network of nerves in the cutaneous membrane. B) a superficial network of dermal arteries. C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer. D) a neural plexus responsible for deep pressure. E) a network of arteries in the epidermis.

B) a superficial network of dermal arteries.

75) The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) sebaceous E) axillary

B) apocrine sweat

30) Which tissue is located in the region labeled "2"? A) stratified squamous epithelium B) areolar connective tissue C) adipose tissue D) cartilage and blood E) reticular connective tissues

B) areolar connective tissue

60) Vitamin D3 is important for proper ________ development. A) skin B) bone C) muscle D) vision E) neural

B) bone

42) The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are A) carotene, hemoglobin, and xanthophyll. B) carotene, eumelanin, and pheomelanin. C) melanin, chromatin, and chlorophyll. D) xanthophyll, hemoglobin, and melanin. E) melanin, carotene, and chromatin.

B) carotene, eumelanin, and pheomelanin.

48) The pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow is called A) cadmium. B) carotene. C) hemoglobin. D) keratin. E) melanin.

B) carotene.

63) The layer of hard keratin that acts as the surface of the hair is termed the A) medulla. B) cuticle. C) hair bulb. D) root. E) shaft.

B) cuticle.

33) Skin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termed A) papillitis. B) dermatitis. C) epidermatitis. D) superficialis. E) melanocytis.

B) dermatitis.

8) Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is called ________ perspiration. A) sensible B) insensible C) latent D) active E) inactive

B) insensible

5) The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are A) adipocytes. B) keratinocytes. C) fibroblasts. D) melanocytes. E) dendritic cells.

B) keratinocytes.

39) What are the dermal sensory structures that sense deep pressure? A) Meissner's corpuscles B) lamellar corpuscle C) tactile corpuscles D) tactile dics E) Merkel cells

B) lamellar corpuscle

64) Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by A) keratinocytes. B) melanocytes. C) dermal papillae. D) soft keratin. E) carotene cells.

B) melanocytes.

85) The nail body covers the A) nail root. B) nail bed. C) lunula. D) free edge. E) hyponychium.

B) nail bed.

31) The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer. A) papillary B) reticular C) epidermal D) subcutaneous E) hypodermal

B) reticular

93) Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because A) the epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels. B) stem cells persist in the skin even after injury. C) fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis. D) contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together. E) cells of the stratum basale cannot migrate to other positions in the skin.

B) stem cells persist in the skin even after injury.

16) The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum basale. C) papillary layer. D) basal lamina. E) stratum granulosum.

B) stratum basale.

41) The layer of loose connective tissue deep to the dermis is the A) epidermis. B) subcutaneous layer. C) hyperdermis. D) deep fascia. E) reticular layer.

B) subcutaneous layer.

45) Jaundice is indicated by a(n) ________ skin coloration. A) reddish B) yellowish C) orange D) bluish E) brown

B) yellowish

28) Which layer contains most of the accessory structures? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

C) 3

79) ________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas. A) Sebaceous; merocrine; apocrine B) Apocrine; merocrine; sebaceous C) Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine D) Merocrine; apocrine; sebaceous E) Apocrine; sebaceous; merocrine

C) Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

37) The cutaneous plexus is A) a network of nerves in the cutaneous membrane. B) a superficial network of dermal arteries. C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer. D) a neural plexus responsible for deep pressure. E) a network of arteries in the epidermis.

C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer.

1) Accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and the dermis is/are called A) keloids. B) scabs. C) blisters. D) scars. E) pus.

C) blisters.

62) Children in northern regions experience months of inadequate sunlight exposure on the skin. To prevent possible abnormal bone development, what essential organic nutrient is necessary in the diet? A) vitamin C B) calcium C) cholecalciferol D) protein E) retinol-A

C) cholecalciferol

4) The two components of the integumentary system are the A) epidermis and dermis. B) cutaneous membrane and hypodermis. C) cutaneous membrane and accessory structures. D) integument and hypodermis. E) epidermis and superficial fascia.

C) cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

35) While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of A) hydration intoxication. B) water intoxication. C) dehydration. D) advanced skin cancer. E) malfunctioning elastin.

C) dehydration.

10) The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the A) dermis. B) subcutaneous layer. C) epidermis. D) stratum basale. E) sebaceous layer.

C) epidermis.

96) During repair of the integument, fibroblasts follow areas of new capillary growth and produce ________ tissue. A) scar B) epithelial C) granulation D) pus E) keloid

C) granulation

14) Water loss from insensible perspiration A) is unaffected by damage to the epidermis. B) is too small to be measured reliably. C) is approximately 0.5 liters a day. D) always exceeds sensible perspiration. E) depends on apocrine sweat glands.

C) is approximately 0.5 liters a day.

47) The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight. A) sebum B) hemoglobin C) melanin D) carotene E) keratin

C) melanin

76) Sensible perspiration is produced by ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) sebaceous E) mammary

C) merocrine sweat

78) The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found A) in the axillae. B) on the chest. C) on the palms of the hands. D) on the upper back. E) surrounding the genitals.

C) on the palms of the hands.

86) Nail production occurs at the nail A) body. B) bed. C) root. D) cuticle. E) hyponychium.

C) root.

81) Merocrine sweat glands A) are compound alveolar glands. B) produce organic secretions that are metabolized by bacteria to produce body odor. C) secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin. D) increase in number and activity with aging. E) primarily function in lubricating the hairs.

C) secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

23) The layer of epidermis where most cells have stopped dividing and started making large amounts of keratin is the A) stratum spinosum. B) stratum corneum. C) stratum granulosum. D) stratum lucidum. E) stratum basale.

C) stratum granulosum.

24) The layer of epidermis where keratohyalin crosslinks keratin fibers is the A) stratum spinosum. B) stratum corneum. C) stratum granulosum. D) stratum lucidum. E) stratum basale.

C) stratum granulosum.

36) Stretch marks occur when A) the skin is stretched in normal movements. B) surgical incisions are made perpendicular to the skin's lines of cleavage. C) the skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic limits are exceeded. D) athletes overextend a muscle. E) individual epidermal layers separate.

C) the skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic limits are exceeded.

91) The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a ________ burn. A) first-degree B) second-degree C) third-degree D) partial-thickness E) epidermal

C) third-degree

97) Charlie is badly burned in an accident. When he reaches the emergency room, the examining physician finds that he can remove entire hair follicles from Charlie's arm when he gently pulls on a hair with his forceps. Charlie is suffering from a(n) ________ burn. A) first-degree B) second-degree C) third-degree D) partial-thickness E) epidermal

C) third-degree

18) Thin skin contains ________ epidermal layer(s) and thick skin contains ________ layers. A) 1; 2 B) 2; 3 C) 3; 4 D) 4; 5 E) 5; 6

D) 4; 5

80) Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal? A) Circulation in the skin decreases. B) Sweat gland activity decreases. C) Evaporative cooling stops. D) Blood flow to the skin increases. E) The activity of melanocytes increases.

D) Blood flow to the skin increases.

83) Which of the following is not a function of the sebum? A) It inhibits growth of bacteria. B) It lubricates the hair shaft. C) It conditions the surrounding skin. D) It helps the skin shed excess heat. E) It protects the hair shaft.

D) It helps the skin shed excess heat.

77) Earwax is produced by ________ glands. A) sebaceous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) ceruminous E) eccrine sweat

D) ceruminous

65) Which of the following is correct about Lanugo hairs? A) also known as "peach fuzz" B) persists throughout the entire life C) deeply pigmented and somewhat coarse D) exists primarily in fetuses E) never found on the feet

D) exists primarily in fetuses

90) In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis. A) granulation cells B) dendritic cells C) macrophages D) fibroblasts E) muscle cells

D) fibroblasts

100) The combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called ________ tissue. A) germinative B) spinous C) fibrocytic D) granulation E) abscess

D) granulation

54) Which pigment is responsible for blushing? A) eumelanin B) pheomelanin C) carotene D) hemoglobin E) melanocyte stimulating hormone

D) hemoglobin

40) All of the following are true of the subcutaneous layer except it A) contains many blood vessels. B) permits independent movement of deeper structures. C) contains large amounts of adipose tissue. D) is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane. E) is well supplied with nerves that pass into the skin.

D) is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

17) The protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface is A) eleidin. B) collagen. C) mucin. D) keratin. E) melanin.

D) keratin.

59) The most dangerous type of skin cancer is called A) keratosis. B) psoriasis. C) squamous cell carcinoma. D) melanoma. E) basal cell carcinoma.

D) melanoma.

44) Cyanosis signifies that a patient has A) had too much sun. B) been kept out of the sun. C) an allergic reaction. D) oxygen-starved skin. E) been exposed to cyanide.

D) oxygen-starved skin.

50) Which one of the following is the red-yellow form of melanin? A) eumelanin B) phycomelanin C) anthomelanin D) pheomelanin E) promelanin

D) pheomelanin

58) A deficiency disease that illustrates the effect of integumentary system function on the structure of the skeletal system is A) osteoporosis. B) seborrheic dermatitis. C) decubitus ulcers. D) rickets. E) beriberi.

D) rickets.

99) A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a A) scar. B) keloid. C) graft. D) scab. E) plug.

D) scab.

74) Glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) sebaceous E) mammary

D) sebaceous

3) Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except A) protection of underlying tissue. B) excretion of salts and wastes. C) maintenance of body temperature. D) synthesis of vitamin C. E) detection of sensations.

D) synthesis of vitamin C.

66) If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed, A) the hair produced by the follicle will change from terminal to vellus. B) the color of the hair will become lighter. C) the texture of the hair will become coarser. D) the hair matrix will lose its blood supply. E) hair production will not be affected.

D) the hair matrix will lose its blood supply.

69) Fine hairs (like "velvet") that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface are called ________ hairs. A) veneer B) gossamer C) lanugo D) vellus E) terminal

D) vellus

56) Which of the following is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight? A) vitamin A B) vitamin B C) vitamin C D) vitamin D E) vitamin E

D) vitamin D

26) From what structure does sensible perspiration occur? A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 9 E) 10

E) 10

19) While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E) 5

29) Adipose tissue is a major component of the region labeled A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4. E) 5.

E) 5.

11) Characteristics of the epidermis include A) multilayered. B) flexible. C) contains desmosomes. D) serves as UV radiation protection. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

68) Which of the following statements concerning hair is false? A) The medulla is the soft core of the hair. B) The cortex of the hair is composed of hard keratin. C) Terminal hairs are heavy and more darkly pigmented than other types of hair. D) Club hair is hair that has ceased growing. E) Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

E) Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

61) Skin cancer that starts in the mitotically most active epidermal layer is called A) keratosis. B) psoriasis. C) squamous cell carcinoma. D) melanoma. E) basal cell carcinoma.

E) basal cell carcinoma.

49) Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum A) corneum. B) lucidum. C) granulosum. D) spinosum. E) basale.

E) basale.

20) Which of following is not an accessory structure of the integumentary system? A) sweat glands B) hair follicles C) exocrine glands D) nails E) dermis

E) dermis

53) Which of the following causes yellowing of the skin? A) vitiligo B) pituitary tumor affecting melanocyte stimulating hormone C) Addison's disease D) cyanosis E) faulty bile excretion in the liver

E) faulty bile excretion in the liver

2) Rapid water loss from burned skin is an extreme form of ________ perspiration. A) imprudent B) non-sense C) impractical D) vacuous E) insensible

E) insensible

55) Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation? A) increased activity by melanocytes B) production of cholecalciferol within epidermal cells C) reduced amounts of elastic fibers in the dermis D) chromosomal damage in germinative cells or melanocytes E) loss in skin pigmentation as seen in vitiligo

E) loss in skin pigmentation as seen in vitiligo

46) Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of A) hemoglobin. B) carotene. C) collagen. D) keratin. E) melanin.

E) melanin.

82) All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands except that it A) is more than 99 percent water. B) contains electrolytes and waste products. C) helps cool the body when it evaporates. D) helps to prevent bacteria from colonizing the skin. E) produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

E) produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

9) The layer of the epidermis that contains several layers of living cells connected by abundant desmosomes is the stratum A) corneum. B) lucidum. C) basale. D) granulosum. E) spinosum.

E) spinosum.

70) Coarse pigmented hairs are called ________ hairs. A) veneer B) gossamer C) lanugo D) vellus E) terminal

E) terminal