Chapter 5
self-esteem
a belief about one's own self-worth based on an overall self-evaluation. personal achievements and praise tend to bolster one's self-esteem. Prolonged unemployment, soured relationships, and bad hair days can erode it. self-esteem is measured by having survey respondents inicate their agreement or disagreement with both positive and negative statements. Those who agree with the positive statements and disagree with the negative statements have high self-esteem.
deliberate practice
a demanding, repetitive, and assisted program to improve one's performance
sleep deprivation
a modern-day threat to abilities, skills, and general competence. it is an equal opportunity problem. without sleep, you don't learn.
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among the big 5, conscientiousness had the strongest positive correlation with job perormance and training performance. Those who exhibit a strong sense of purpose, obligation, and persistence generally perform better. extraversion (outgoing personality) correlated positively with promotions, salary level, and career satisfaction. neuroticism (low emotional stability) was associated with low career satisfaction.
extraversion
outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
1. self-awareness 2. self-management 3. social awareness 4. relationship management the first two constitute personal competence, and the second two feed into social competence
4 components of emotional intelligence (pg. 412)
1. prior experience (most potent source) 2. behavior models (how have others performed the same task) 3. persuasion from others 4. assesment of phsyical/emotional state
4 sources of self-efficacy beliefs people program themselves for success or failure by enacting their self-efficacy expecations.
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A moderate positive correlation was found between self-esteem and life satisfaction. But the relationship was stronger in individualistic cultures (U.S, Canada, New Zealand, Netherlands) than in collectivist cultures (Korea, Kenya, Japan). Individualistic cultures socialize people to focus more on themselves, while collectivist cultures are socialized to fit into the community and to do their duty. Global managers need to remember to deemphasize self-esteem when doing business in collectivist (we) cultures, as opposed to emphasizing it in individualistic (me) cultures.
numerical
Ability to make quick and accurate arithmetic computations such as adding and subtracting
perceptual speed
Ability to perceive figures, identify similarities and differences, and carry out tasks involving visual perception
word fluency
Ability to produce isolated words that fulfill symbolic or structural requirements
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Emotional intelligence scores do not improve on the basic big 5 dimensions when it comes to predicting job performance.
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For all demographic groups, self-esteem followed the same trajectory, increasing during young and middle adulthood, reaching a peak at about age 60 years, and then declining in old age. (attributed to socioeconomic changes and health issues) More educated people found to have higher self-esteem.
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From a biological standpoint, people are more alike than different. Genetically speaking, the planet's 7 billion people are 99.5% identical.
1. linguistic intelligence - potential to learn and use spoken and written languages 2. logical-mathematical intelligence - potential for deductive reasoning, problem analysis, and mathematical calculation 3. musical intelligence - potentail to appreciate, compose, adn perform music. 4. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence - potential to use min and body to coordinate physical movement. 5. spatial intelligence - potential to recognize and use patterns 6. interpersonal intelligence - potential to understand, connect with, and effectively work with others. 7. intrapersonal intelligence - potential to understand and regulate oneself. 8. naturalist intelligence - potential to live in harmony with one's environment.
Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences (MI) includes not only cognitive abilities, but social and physical abilities and skills as well
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One's personality profile tends to be stable and durable Extraversion and conscientiousness found to be the most stable.
1. Be active and involved - be open to new experiences and networkign with others to encounter more lucky chance opportunities 2. listen to your hunches about luck - learn when to listen to your intuitive gut feelings. Meditation and mind-clearing activities can help 3. expect to be lucky no matter how bad the situation - remain optimistic and work to make your expectations a self-fulfilling prophecy 4. turn your bad luck into good fortune - take control of bad situations by remaining calm, positive, and focused on a better future
Richard Wiseman's 4 guidelines for improving luck
1. Extraversion 2. Emotional Stability 3. Agreeableness 4. Conscientiousness 5. Openness to experience
The Big 5 Personality Dimensions standardized personalty tests determine how positively or negatively a person scores on each of the big five.
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The relationships between self-efficacy and performance is a cyclical one. Efficacy -> performance cycles can spiral upward toward success or downward toward failure. Researchers have documented strong linkages between high self-efficacy adn expectations for sucess in widely varied phsyical and mental tasks. Oppositely, those with low self-efficacy expectations tend to have lower success rates.
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There is a positive relationships between high self-monitoring and career success. High self-monitors found to have a better record of acquiring a mentor (someone to act as a personal career coach and professional sponsor).
agreeableness
Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted
1. live consciously - be actively and fully engaged in what you do and with whom you interact. 2. be self-accepting - don't be overly judgemental or critical of your thoughts and actions 3. take personal responsibility - take full responsibility for your decisions and actions in life's journey. 4. be self-assertive - be authentic and willing to defend your beliefs when interacting with others, rather than bending to their will to be accepted or liked. 5. Live purposefully - have clear near-term and long-term goals and realistic plans for achieving them to create a sense of control over your life. 6. Have personal integrity - be true to your word and your values
What nurtures and sustains self-esteem in grown-ups is not how others deal with us but how we ourselves operate in the face of life's challenges - the choices we make and the actions we take. 6 Pillars of self-esteem: Behaviors that generate good self-esteem are also expressions of good-self esteem.
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When employees suspend their critical thinking and lose their objectivity, unhealthy groupthink can occur and needed constructive convlict does not occur. Whistle-blowing is unlikely to occur when organizational identification is excessive. Company loyalty and dedication are one thing; blind obedience to unethical leaders or a twisted sense of duty are quite another.
self-efficacy
a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task arises from the gradual acquisition of complex cognitive, social, linguistic, and/or physical skills through experience role models can inspire use to build self-efficacy
humility
a realistic assessment of one's own contribution and the recognition of the contribution of others, along with luck and good fortune that made one's own success possible it is the middle point between the two negative extremes of arrogance and lack of self-esteem.
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all cognitive performance is determined by two types of abilities: the first can be characterized as a general mental ability needed for all cognitive tasks. the second is unique to the task at hand.
intelligence
an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving historically, people believed intelligence to be an innate capacity that is passed genetically. Research shows, however, that intelligence (like personality) also is a function of environmental influences.
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anger and jealously, both potent emotions, often push aside logic and rationaltiy in the workplace.
spatial
being able to perceive spatial patterns and to visualize how geometric shapes would look if transformed in shape or position.
internal locus of control
belief that one controls key events and consequences in one's life
emotions
complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our life-long efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves. (centered on a person's goals) emotions involve the whole person - biological, psychological, and social
Are personality models ethnocentric and unique to the culture in which they were developed?
cross-cultural research evidence points to "no" To date, there is no compelling evidence that culture affects personality structure. However, unique language structures can make precise translations of survey questionsnaires difficult.
Conscientiousness
dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent
written and spoken communication, initiative, decisiveness, tolerance, problem solving, adaptability, and resilience
desirable sklls and competencies in organizational life
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emotions play roles in both causing and adapting to stress and associated biological and psychological problems.
negative emotions
emotions triggered by frustration and failure when pursuing one's goals. (goal incongruent) the constructive or destructive nature of a particular emotion must be judged in terms of both its intensity and the person's relevant goal.
emotional labor
employees may bottle up feelings of frustration, resentment, and anger, which are not appropriate to express. Employees need a healthy expressive outlet for their negative emotions.
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failure can result if you have extraverted managers and proactive employees. soft-spoken leaders may get the most out of proactive employees.
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faking, cheating, and illegal discrimination are potential problems with on-the-job personality testing. job-related skills testing and behavioral interviewing are workable alternatives to personality testing.
memory
having good rote memory for paired words, symbols, lists of numbers, or other associated items
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individuals high in self-monitoring are thought to regulate their expressive self-presentation for the sake of desired public appearances. (chameleons) individuals low in self-monitoring are thought to lack either the ability or the motivvation to so regulate their expressive self-presenations.
openness to experience
intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded
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low self-esteem can be raised more by having the person think of desirable characteristics possed rather than of undesirable characteristics from which he or she is free while self-esteem among high-school seniors had risen over the years, self-perceptions of competence had not.
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luck involves much mroe than simply random chance or coincidence. Lucky people, through how they think and behave, make their own good fortune.
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many psychologists are supportive of personality testing, but there is an administration issue with personality testing. personality tests are often bought off the shelf, given indiscriminately, often by people who are not trained or qualified, and then the results are not kept confidential or private at all. real-world use of these tests is hit-or-miss.
verbal comprehension word fluency numerical spatial memory perceptual speed inductive reasoning
mental abilities underlying performance
organizational identification
occurs when one comes to integrate beliefs about one's organization into one's identity managers put a good deal of emphasis today on organizational mission, philosphy, and values with the express intent of integrating the comppany into each employee's self-identity. This will hopefully lead employees to be more loyal, committed, and hard working.
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psychological capital is derived from the positive psychology movement that emphasizes what is right with people rather than what is wrong or dysfunctional. This approach focuses on human strengths and potential as a way to possibly prevent mental and behavioral problems and improve the general quality of life.
emotional stability
relaxed, secure, unworried opposite: neuroticism
cognitions
represent "any knowledge, opinion, or belief about the environment, about oneself, or about one's behavior." different types include anticipation, introspection, planning, goal setting, evaluating, and setting personal standards that are particularly relevant to OB.
ability
represents a broad and stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum - as apposed to typical - perfomance on mental and phsyical tasks.
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self-efficacy can be boosted in the workplace through careful hiring, challenging assignments, training and coaching, goal setting, supportive leadership and mentoring, and rewards for improvement.
proactive personality
someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change proactive people identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs. they have an internal locus of control proactive people are valuable human capital.
psychological capital
striving for success by developing one's self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resiliency. An individual's positive psychological state of development and is characterized by (1) having confidence (self-efficacy); (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals and when necessary, redirecting paths toward goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resiliency) to attain success.
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successful performance depends on the right combination of effort, ability, and skill.
external locus of control
tend to attribute key outcomes in their lives to environmental causes, such as luck or fate.
Resiliency
the ability to bounce back from major blows in life
emotional intelligence
the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways
inductive reasoning
the ability to reason from specifics and general conclusions.
verbal comprehension
the ability to understand what words mean and to readily comprehend what is read
T
the closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play.
personality
the combination of stable physical and mental characteristics that give the individual his or her identity. These characteristics or tratis - including how one looks, thinks, acts, and feels - are the product of interacting genetic and environmental influences.
self-concept
the concept the individual has of himself as a physicial, social, and spiritual or moral being. because you have this, you recognize yourself as a distinct human being. A self-concept would be impossible without the capacity to think about complex things and processes.
self-monitoring
the extent to which a person observes his or her own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the demands of the situation. it's a matter of degree; a matter of being relatively high or low in terms of related patterns or self-expression.
skill
the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects.
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variablity among workers is substanial at all levels but increases dramatically with job complexity.
emotional contagion
we can catch another person's bad mood or displayed negative emotions. or positive emotions.