MCAT P/S

absolute poverty

inability to secure basic necessities of life

false consciousness

inaccurate assessment of one's own status

Factors of socioeconomic status

income, occupation, education, wealth, residence neighborhood

Identity shift effect

individual's state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection so individual conforms to the norms of the group

conformity

individual's thoughts or actions align with group norms due to implicit influence of others

obedience

individuals behave according to requests of authority figure

Confirmation bias

individuals embrace evidence supporting their beliefs and dismiss/ignore evidence refuting their beliefs

bystander effect

individuals less likely to help someone in need while in presence of others due to diffusion of responsibility

Bootstrapping

initial stage(s) of grammatical (i.e., syntactic) development

theories of motivation

instinct theory: driven to certain behaviors based on evolutionary instincts arousal theory: actions to maintain optimal level of arousal drive reduction theory: to eliminate uncomfy states (primary and secondary drives) maslow hierarchy of needs incentive theory self determination theory expectancy-value theory sexual motivation

Social exchange theory

interactions bt people based on each person's calculation of benefits and costs ; micro level

intragenerational vs intergenerational

intra: across 1 generation inter: between 2 or more generations

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes

Weber's Law

just noticeable difference in stimulus is ratio = difference bt 2 stimulus / original stimulus

body's sense of orientation and movement maintenance

kinesthetic sense: by proprioceptors in musculoskeletal system and skin (somatosensory system) vestibular sense: by otolith organs and semicircular canals visual input

anomie

lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society

lateral vs medial geniculate nucleus

lateral-> light (visual) medial -> musics (sound)

lateral, ventromedial, anterior hypothalamus functions

lateral: hunger center, signals to eat (damaged means starvation) ventromedial: satiety center, signals to stop eating (damaged means obesity) anterior: sexual behavior, sleep, body temperature * Lack Hunger, Very Much Hungry

gestalt principles

law of proximity: close together items-> 1 unit law of similarity: similar objects grouped together law of good continuation: follow same path grouped together subjective contours law of pragnanz: perceptual organization will be as simple, symmetrical, and regular as possible

latent learning

learning occurs without reward but is shown spontaneously once reward is introduced

socialization

learning the norms and values of a society or culture

Folkways

least deviant from norm; minor punishment; ex: wearing clothes backwards

emotions associated with parts of prefrontal cortex

left prefrontal: positive emotions right prefrontal: negative emotions dorsal prefrontal: attention and cognition ventral prefrontal: experience emotion

narcotic analgesic drugs

lessens sensation of pain aka opiates ex: morphine, codeine, heroin

concordance rate

likelihood that both twins display trait

Working memory

limited and temporary store of memory that involves manipulation and processing of info; central executive and 3 subsystems controlled by central executive central executive: regulates attention, task switching visuospatial sketchpad: used when manipulating visual and/or spatial information (reading a map) phonological loop: used when manipulating spoken and written information (reading book) episodic buffer: temporal processing (understanding timeline of events) and integrating info from LT memory into working memory

associative learning

linking of two events or stimuli (association bt behavior and consequence)

capitalist government

little govt intervention, focus on free market trade, and laissez faire policies; encourages division of labor

algorithms

logical or mathematical rule; accurate, systematic, time consuming

deindividuation

loss of individual self awareness when part of large group engaging in emotionally arousing activity; reduced sense of personal responsibility, inc sense of anonymity, reduced inhibitions

agnosia

loss of recognizing objects, people, sounds

women's morbidity and mortality in comparison

lower mortality, higher morbidity

macula and fovea blindspot

macula" central section with high [] cones fovea: centermost point w/ only cones blindspot: where optic nerve leaves eye with no photoreceptors

fundamentalism

maintenance of strict adherence to religious code

dyssomnias

make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep or avoid sleep insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

availability heuristic

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Bipolar disorders

manic episodes: abnormal, persistently elevated moods for at least 1 week w/ at least 3 symptoms- inc distraction, dec need for sleep, inflated self esteem, grandiosity, racing thoughts, inc goal directed activity/agitation, inc talk, high risk behavior DIG FAST: distractibly, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness Bipolar I: manic episode w/ or w/o major depressive episode Bipolar II: hypomania w/ at least 1 major depressive episode

manifest vs latent functions

manifest functions: intended, obvious purpose of social structure latent functions: unintended result of social structure

material culture vs symbolic culture

material: physical items valued by society (clothes, tools, computers) symbolic: nonmaterial aspects (folklore, values, laws)

inclusive fitness

measure of organism's success in population based on # of offspring, success in supporting offspring and offspring supporting each other

implicit association test

measures unconscious attitudes

promiscuity

member of 1 sex mating w/ any member of opposite sex

primary group

members who have frequent contact and are emotional connected; family members, close friends

Secondary group

members who interact for a common goal; colleagues

context effects

memory aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

IQ

mental age/chronological age x 100

schemas

mental frameworks that organize old information and allow quick processing of new info

mental set vs functional fixedness

mental set: a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past functional fixedness: inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

linear perspective

monocular cure; distance bt parallel lines appear narrower as become further away

Major Depressive disorder

mood disorder at least 1 major depressive episode (at least 2 weeks w/ at least 5 symptoms) prominent and persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in almost all enjoyable activities (anhedonia), appetite change, weight change, sleep change, decreased energy, worthlessness, guilt, difficulty concentrating/thinking, feeling slowed down, suicidal thoughts SIG E CAPS (sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor sympathy, suicidal thoughts)

Mores

more deviant than folkways; ex: wearing no clothes in public

taboos

most deviant from norm; most serious punishment; ex: incest

phi phenomenon

motion picture effect in which series of still pics in rapid succession appear as moving

expectancy theory of motivation

motivation involves expectancy, instrumentality, and valence expectancy: perceived likelihood of effort leading to performance instrumentality: perceived likelihood of performance leading to reward valence: degree of value reward has for individual

incentive theory

motivation is the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Fundamental attribution error

negative behaviors in others to intrinsic characteristics; focuses on others' actions

Discrimination

negative treatment of someone based on membership in a social group; based on action

normative vs informational social influence

normative: individual conforms to fit in/ avoid rejection by others; happens when individual identifies w/ group members and wants to be accetped informational: conforms bc of uncertainty of what to do and believing others know what to do; view other group members as experts

different types of organizations

normative: membership based on shared goals/values utilitarian: membership driven by compensation coercive: membership not freely chosen

means of social control

norms: societal rules defining boundaries, acceptable behaviors; mores- widely observed social norms sanctions: penalties for misconduct and rewards for appropriate behaviors

mesolithic reward pathway

nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial forebrain bundle

vicarious emotions

observer intuits feelings another might be experiencing; empathy

obstructive vs central sleep apnea

obstructive: physically closed airway central: cns problem bc the brain is forgetting to SIGNAL the lungs/diaphragm to breathe

Cluster A personality disorders

odd/eccentric behavior paranoid personality disorder: distrust for others, suspicion of others' motives schizotypal personality disorder: pattern of odd/eccentric thinking; ideas of reference- similar to delusions of reference but less severe; magical thinking- superstitiousness or belief in clairvoyance schizoid personality disorder: pattern of detachment from social relations, restricted range of emotional expression

alcohol myopia

short-sighted view of world from alcohol

heuristics

shortcut yielding; fast, potentially error prone

social networks create 2 types of social inequality

situational (socioeconomic advantage) and positional (how connected one is w/in network and one's centrality w/in network)

Thomas Theorem

situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences ex: if child believes a ghost exists, they will stay awake to avoid the ghost

somnambulism

sleepwalking during slow wave sleep

Depressant drugs

slows down CNS function; can also reduce anxiety; bind to GABA receptor enhancing effect of GABA ex: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Social constructionism

social constructs are defined as "real" by society, interactions in society give meaning to these otherwise worthless things; macro/micro level

Structural functionalism

social institutions work together for dynamic equilibrium (societal balance) like organ systems for homeostasis ; macro level

social trust from 2 sources

social norms of reciprocity and social networks

culture lag

social problems created by time delay bt rapid changes in material culture and slower changes in nonmaterial culture

4 factors to assess immigrant assimilation

socioeconomic status, geographic disturbance, language attainment, intermarriage

5 basic tastes

sour, salty, bitter, sweet, umami (savory)

hemispheric lateralization

specialization of right and left hemispheres for certain processes

Stimulant drugs

speed up CNS function, elevates mood ex: amphetamines, cocaine

positive reinforcement

stimulus added, behavior continues ; desirable stimulus added to inc behavior

positive punishment

stimulus added, behavior stops; undesirable stimulus added to dec behavior

negative reinforcement

stimulus removed, behavior continues; undesirable stimulus removed to inc behavior

negative punishment

stimulus removed, behavior stops; desirable stimulus removed to dec behavior

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

subjective evaluation of situation induces stress stage 1: primary appraisal- initial evaluation of environment and threat (threat is irrelevant, benign-positive, stressful) stage 2: secondary appraisal- whether organism can cope with stress (harm done, future threat, or challenge that can be overcome)

social reproduction

successive generations tend to occupy same social class

dissociative fugue

sudden travel away or purposeless wandering away from home/place of daily activity; confused of own identity, may take new one

Universal Emotions

surprise, fear, contempt, sadness, disgust, anger, happiness

types of neuroplasticity

synaptic: from changes in firing rate of presynaptic neuron altering amt of NT released and # of receptors on postsynaptic target structural: sprouting (inc connections bt neurons); rerouting (new connections bt neurons), pruning (dec connections bt neurons); doesn't happen quickly

Impacts of multitasking

task similarity: dissimilar tasks are easier to do than similar tasks task difficulty: simple tasks are easier than challenging tasks task practice: well-practiced tasks are easier than unfamiliar tasks

optimism bias

tendency for people to underestimate probability that bad things will happen to them

Marxist theory

the "have nots" (proletariat) could overthrow the "haves" (bourgeoisie) by developing class consciousness- organization of working class around shared goals and need for collective political action

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions delaying gratification for long term rewards is an example

peer pressure

the influence exerted on other peers to conform to group norms

cultural capital

the knowledge, behaviors, and skills learned to show cultural competence and social status

Whorfian linguistic relativity hypothesis

the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

Medicalization

the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such

interaction process analysis

a technique of observing and immediately classifying the activities of small groups

that's-not-all technique

before decision made, tells deal is even better and adds something to it

social learning theory

behavior shaped through social interaction, imitation, modeling

structural poverty

"holes" in the structure of society rather than poverty due to actions of the individual

golden ratio of body proptions

1.618:1

social interaction

2 or more individuals shape each other's behaviors

semicircular canals

3 canals within inner ear detecting angular acceleration

self-fulfilling prophecy

belief about something influences the behavior of the person who believes it

self discripancy theory

3 selves actual self: self-concept; how we see ourselves currently ideal self: person we would like to be ought self: representation of way others think we should be self esteem gets higher the closer these 3 become

Erickson theory of psychosocial development

(0-1) Trust vs Mistrust: faith in others (1-3) Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt: self control and independence (3-6) Initiative vs Guilt: take initiative w/ peers (6-12) Industry vs Inferiority: confidence in skills (12-20) Identity vs Role confusion: self identity (20-40) Intimacy vs Isolation: love others (40-65) Generativity vs Stagnation: concern for society (>65) Integrity vs Despair: accomplishment/fulfillment

Models of emotional expression

(1) basic model (proposed by Darwin)- many components in emotional expression-> facial expression, behavior, posture, vocal change, physio change (2) social construction model -no biological basis for emotions, based on experience and situation, emotions expressed differently across cultures (3) appraisal model: biologically predetermined expressions once emotion experience and cognitive antecedent to emotional expression

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization (morality, creativity ,not prejudice)

object relations theory

- object refers to representation of caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy -these objects persist into adulthood & impact our relationships

reciprocal determinism

- our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact w/ each other to determine our actions in a given situation

information processing model

-Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli -Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision-making -Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated & adjusted to help solve new problems -Problem solving depends on context and complexity of the problem

conduction aphasia

-arcuate fasciculus is damaged (connects Broca's area to Wernicke's area) -speech production and comprehension are intact (broca's and wernicke's areas are intact) - unable to repeat something that has been said b/c the connection b/w these 2 regions has been lost

signal detection theory

-perception of stimuli is affected by nonsensory factors like experience, motives, expectations can lead to response bias: systematically respond to stimulus due to non sensory factors

Freud psychosexual stages

0-1 year-Oral; fixation- excessive dependency as adult 1-3 yr -Anal; excessive orderliness or sloppiness as adult 3-6 yrs -Phallic; oedipal conflict: boys envy father's relation with mother, establish sexual identity; electra conflict: girls have penis envy, less stereotypical female behavior; sublimate libido energy by collecting objects, focus on schoolwork 6-11 yr-Latency; libido energy sublimated until puberty puberty-adulthood -Genital; should enter healthy heterosexual relationships

Kinsey scale of sexual behavior

0-6; 0 is exclusively heterosexual, 6 is exclusively homosexual

language acquisition theories

1. Behaviorist (learning theory): language acquisition by operant condition 2. Nativist (biological) theory: some innate capacity for language 3. Interactionist (social interactionist theory): driven by desire to communicate/behave socially

5 components of language

1. Phonology: sound of language 2. Morphology: structure of words (re-, -ed) 3. Semantics: association of meaning w/ word 4. Syntax: how words put together to form sentences 5. Pragmatics: dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor: ages 0-2; experience environment w/ senses and actions; stranger anxiety, object permanence at end of stage 2. preoperational: ages 2-7; symbolic thinking (pretend play, imagination), egocentrism, contraption (focus on 1 aspect of phenomenon, don't understand conservation), language development 3. concrete operational: ages 7-11; think logically about concrete events, grasp analogies, arithmetic; conservation, mathematical transformation 4. formal operational: >12; think about hypothetical scenarios, abstract thought; moral reasoning, abstract logic

self-efficacy

belief in ability to succeed; too much becomes overconfidence

self-determination theory

3 universal needs: autonomy-in control of one's actions/ideas; competence-compete and excel at different tasks; relatedness- to feel accepted/wanted in relationships

Stages of Language Development

9-12 months: babbling 12-18 months: 1 word 18-20 months: combining words, explosion of words 2-3 years: longer sentence 5 years: language rules mostly mastered

naming explosion

A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.

dichotic listening task

A task in which a person hears two or more different things in each ear

correspondent inference theory

A theory that states that people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if the behavior is unexpected.

insight problem solving

A-ha moment

Glutamate receptor subtypes

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate

General Adaptation Syndrome

ARE; Alarm: dec resistance to stress (first few minutes, SNS prepares body to act), Resistance: inc resistance to stress and hyper-adrenal inc, Exhaustion: dec resistance to stress

Sociological approaches to aging

Activity: remaining physically and socially active improves quality of life for older adults Continuity: older adults attempt to maintain the habits and behaviors from their youth Disengagement: older adults withdraw from social relationships/society as society withdraws from them Life course: aging viewed holistically in terms of social, biological, cultural, psychological contexts

inferiority complex, creative self, style of life, fictional finalism

Adler inferiority complex: sense of incompleteness, imperfection, inferiority creative self: by which individual shapes uniqueness, personality style of life: manifestation of creative self and way achieve superiority fictional finalism: motivated more by expectations of future than past experiences

cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits, functional autonomy

Allport cardinal: organizes life around these central: major personality characteristics secondary: more limited in occurrence, appear in close groups functional autonomy: behavior continues despite satisfaction of drive

Alternative hypothesis

Assumes that significant relationship/difference bt variables

Binocular cues vs monocular cues

Binocular cues: retinal disparity, convergence Monocular cues: relative size, interposition, relative height, shading and contour, motion parallax, linear perspective, texture gradient

Interactionist perspective of language acquisition

Biological (nrml brain development) AND social (interaction, motivation to communicate)

Actor observer bias

Blames own actions on situation and other's actions on internal factors; focuses on both own and other's actions

Internal validity

Causality; can changes in dependent variable be attributed to changes in independent variable; threatened by confounding variables, repeated testing, selection bias

Korsakoff syndrome

Cause: thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency from chronic alcohol consumption or malnutrition Sx: memory loss, confabulation (memory fabrication)

Elaboration likelihood model central vs peripheral route

Central route: audience is motivated and interested, high effort to process message, results in a lasting change in attitude Peripheral route: audience not motivated or interested, low effort to process message, persuaded by cues outside of message, results in temporary change in attitude

Conflict theory

Class conflict that arises when resources are unevenly distributed across social groups; macro level

Linguistic relativity theory (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

Cognition influenced by language

Role strain

Competing expectations within a single role

Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism

Cultural relativism: promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting. Ethnocentrism is the idea that one's own culture is the main standard by which other cultures may be measured.

R-value

Describes linear relationship; -/+ means -/+ correlation; closer to -1/1 means stronger

Short term memory

Duration: about 20 seconds; Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items

racialization

Establishment of a group as a particular race

Compare population pyramids connect them to demographic transition model

Expanding: triangle shape with broad base and small top; high birth rate, high death rate, short life expectancy, increasing population Stationary: equal widths of base and top; low birth rate, low death rate, long life expectancy, stable population Contracting: smaller base than middle; very low birth rate, low death rate, long life expectancy, decreasing population

Long term memory

Explicit (declarative memory): episodic - experiences ; semantic - facts Implicit (non declarative memory): procedural - skills & tasks ; emotional/reflexive

PTSD

Exposure to trauma, intrusive sx, avoiding reminders of trauma, hyperarousal sx, negative thoughts & mood symptoms for at least 1 month if between 3 days and 1 month -> acute stress disorder

Jung's 3 dichotomies of personality

Extraversion vs. introversion Sensing vs. intuiting Thinking vs. feeling

Type II error

False negative; Don't reject null when false; falsely conclude there is no difference

Type I error

False positive; reject null when true; falsely conclude that there is true difference

Top down processing

Guided by beliefs, ideas, expectations

Bottom up processing

Guided by incoming data (sensory info)

Schizophrenia positive symptoms

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior

Central vision

High density of cones; bright light conditions; color and detail perception; inc visual acuity

Peripheral vision

High density of rods; dim light conditions; motion perception; inc light sensitivity

basic anxiety vs basic hostility; ways to overcome

Horney basic anxiety: inadequate parenting -> vulnerability, helplessness basic hostility: neglect and rejection cause anger overcome by: moving toward people for goodwill/security, moving against people or fight for upper hand, moving away/withdrawing from people

criteria for problematic neurotic personalities

Horney if 1 of criteria: -disproportionate in intensity -indiscriminate in application -partially disregard reality -tendency to provoke intense anxiety

I vs Me (Mead)

I: creative expression of individual me: response to environment

incidence vs prevalence

Incidence = new cases in amt of time Prevalence = all cases overtime

Nativist perspective of language acquisition

Innate and biologically predetermined (during time sensitive period early in life)

absolute threshold

Intensity at which able to detect stimulus 50% of time

conscious mind vs collective and personal unconscious

Jung conscious mind is ego collective unconscious: all humans have from experiences of early ancestors from archetypes

persona, anima, animus, shadow

Jungian archetypes persona: personality we present to world anima: feminine; animus: masculine; sex-inappropriate qualities (opposite in the gender anima in men) shadow: unpleasant, socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, actions

Hallucinogens

LSD, mushrooms, peyote, ketamine, marijuana inc body temp, HR, sweating, dilate pupil marijuana: inhibits GABA activity, inc dopamine activity

Schizophrenia negative symptoms

Lack of motivation (apathy), social withdrawal, flat affect, lack of speech, anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure)

Learned Perspective of Language Acquisition

Language learned via operant condition, language imitation and practice

seasonal affective disorder

MDD w/ seasonal onset depressive in winter; treated with bright light therapy

Medicare vs. Medicaid

Medicare covers patients older than 65 (or those with end stage renal disease or ALS) Medicaid covers those who are in significant financial need.

mortality vs morbidity

Mortality: death rates Morbidity: illness rates

serotonin

NT involved in mood, sleep/wake regulation, social dominance/aggression, appetite

dopamine

NT that targets basal ganglia (motor function), mesolithic pathway (pleasure, reward), prefrontal cortex (motivation, emotional regulation)

Prejudice

Negative belief and feeling about someone based on membership in a social group; based on emotion

somatosensory receptors and type of stimulus

Pacinian corpuscles: deep pressure, vibration Meissner corpuscles: light touch Merkel cells: deep pressure, texture Ruffini endings: stretch free nerve endings: pain, temperature

personal identity vs social identity

Personal identity: intragroup comparison (diff from other in-group members), defined by one's self, experience self concept as an individual Social identity: intergroup comparison (diff from out-group members), defined by society, experience self concept as member of group

Cannon-Bard Theory

Physiological changes and emotion are separate but simultaneous

polygyny vs polyandry

Polygyny = man w/ multiple wives Polyandry = women w/ multiple husbands

Dependency ratio

[(# children dependent + # retired dependents) / # people in workforce ] x 100 ; proportion of unproductive (<15 or >64) to productive people in population

social exclusion

a sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society

Feminist theory

examines gender inequality in society; macro/micro level

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Preconventional: preadolescence; obedience- avoid punishment; self-interest- gaining rewards; instrumental relativist stage (morality of action based on how it benefits them; reciprocity and sharing) Conventional: adolescence-adulthood; conformity- seek approval of others; law and order- maintain social order in highest regard Postconventional: adulthood (not everyone reaches this); social contract- moral rules to ensure greater good; universal human ethics: consider abstract principles

serial processing

Processing 1 piece of info at a time

parallel processing

Processing multiple sources of info simultaneously

auditory hair cells

Receptors in the cochlea that transduce sound into electrical potentials.; mechanoreceptors

Group polarization

Result in more extreme opinions after group discussion; more likely if have similar opinions to begin with

Groupthink

Result in more irrational decision bc group members don't want to speak up and cause discord; more likely if have a strong, well-liked group lead

what are the specialized processes of right hemisphere and left hemisphere?

Right: spatial processing, art, music, visualization, emotion, controls touch and movement of left side Left: analytical thought, language, reasoning, math, science, controls touch and movement of right side

unconditional positive regard

Rogers; client centered therapy

proprioceptors

Sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints tendons and vestibular system, that provide information about body position and movement.

Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)

Seven intelligences: linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

Weber law

Size of difference threshold is proportional not constant; constant = difference bt 2 stimuli/ original stimulus

Difference threshold

Smallest difference bt stimuli person can detect 50% of time

Null hypothesis

States there is no significant difference/relationship bt variables

crude rate

Total rate for a population

Type A vs. Type B personality

Type A - competitive and compulsive Type B - laid-back and relaxed

Type vs Trait theorists

Type: create taxonomy of personality types Trait: describe an individual as the sum of their characteristics

Reliability

ability of experiment to produce similar results every time

theory of mind

ability to take into account another individual's mental state looking-glass self: relies on others reflecting us to ourself

Categorical perception of phonemes

ability to tell difference bt speech sounds and if change meaning of word

parasomnia

abnormal movement/behaviors during sleep (night terrors, sleepwalking)

absolute threshold, difference threshold, subliminal perception, two-point threshold

absolute: minimum stimulus energy to activate sensory system (not transducer or reach CNS just sensed) subliminal perception: perception of stimulus below given threshold (conscious perception); reaches CNS but not higher brain order difference threshold: difference in magnitude bt 2 stimuli before can perceive difference (Weber's law) two point threshold: minimum distance bt 2 points of stimulus on skin to be detected as 2 distinct stimuli

Dream Theories

activation-synthesis theory: widespread random activation of neural circuits problem-solving theory: way to solve problems while sleeping cognitive process theory: sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness

traditional behaviorist mindset

actual outcomes determine behavior not the cognitions of potential outcomes

affects of acute vs chronic stress

acute stress: inc alertness, less pain perception, immune system ready for injury, HR inc, blood vessels constrict, hormones mobilize energy supplies, reproductive organs temporarily suppresed chronic stress: impaired memory, inc risk for depression, deteriorated immune response, BP inc, higher risk heart disease, high hormone levels, slow recovery from acute stress, higher risk oof infertility/miscarriage

Confounding variables

additional variables that influence independent or dependent variable

3 components of attitude

affective: emotional part, how feel towards something behavioral: how act towards something cognitive: way individual thinks about something (justifies other 2 components)

depressants

alcohol: inc GABA activity and dopamine barbiturates: inc GABA activity, anxiety reducing and sleep meds (amobarbital, phenobarbital), replaced by benzodiazepines (alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam)

4 alternative for strategic interactions

altruism, cooperation, spite, selfishness

expectancy-value theory

amount of motivation needed is the result of both the individual's expectation of success in reaching goal and degree to which values succeeding at the goal

glass celing

an invisible barrier that prevents most women and minorities from advancing to the highest levels of occupations

preparedness

animals learn behaviors that naturally coincide with natural behavior

anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia

anterograde: can't form new memories after injury retrograde: memory loss of events before injury

social anxiety disorder

anxiety due to social situations, performance situations

Stereotype threat

anxiety experienced by individual who feels judged based on negative stereotype about group they belong in

Kelly's mindset of humanistic perspective

anxious person has difficulty understanding variables in environment

Cluster C personality disorders

anxious, fearful avoidant PD: extreme shyness, fear of rejection dependent PD: continuous need for reassurance obsessive compulsive PD: perfectionistic and inflexible, likes rules and order

paradoxical sleep

arousal levels reach that of wakefulness but muscles are paralyzed

ascribed status

assigned social position

assimilation vs accommodation of info

assimilation: classifying new info into existing schemata accommodation: existing schema modified to encompass new info

somatic symptom disorder

at least 1 somatic symptom with disproportionate concerns of its seriousness, inc levels of anxiety, inc amount of time/energy to it

achieved status

attained social position

functional attitudes theory

attitude serves 4 functions knowledge: provides consistency and stability, organizes thoughts and experiences, predicts behavior ego-expressive: communicate and solidify self identity adaptive: will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes ego-defensive: protect self-esteem, justify actions

learning theory of attitude

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

Sensory memory

auditory (echoic): few seconds; visual (iconic): less than a second

(1) authentic self (2) ideal self (3) tactical self

authentic self: who person actually is ideal self: who we would like to be under optimal circumstances tactical self: who we market to be adhering to expectations of us

System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)

belief that 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction dominance vs submssion friendliness vs unfriendliness instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive

just world phenomenon

belief that world is fair and good things happen to people who are hardworking/good and bad things happen to bad people/lazy people

beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for pt autonomy, justice

beneficence: doc has responsibility to act on pt's best interest nonmaleficience: do no harm respect for pt autonomy: respect pt's decisions and choices for own health justice: treat similar pt with similar care, distribute resources fairly

stages of sleep and waves

beta waves: alert and attending to mental task w/ concentration, high frequency alpha waves: relaxing w/ eyes closed stage 1- theta waves; as soon as doze off, slow frequency, high voltage stage 2- theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes; fall deeper into sleep stage 3 and 4- delta waves (slow wave sleep); slower EEG activity, difficult to wake someone, memory consolidation, inc GH release, cognitive recovery stage 5- REM sleep (most dreams) NREM is stages 1-4

cells bt rods / cones and optic chiasm

bipolar cells: highlight gradients bt adjacent rods and cones; connect w/ rods and cones; synapse with ganglion cells ganglion cells: group together forming optic nerve; resolution dec as # of cells onto ganglion cell increases amacrine and horizontal cells: receive input from retinal cells before info is passed onto ganglion cells

4 humors of the body

blood (sanguine- impulsive, charismatic; abhi); bile (choleric- aggressive, dominant; sunny); black bile (melancholic- depressive, cautious; narayan); phlegm (phlegmatic- relaxed, affectionate; zeel)

bottom-up processing vs top down processing

bottom up (inductive reasoning): based on facts and data driven top down (deductive reasoning): conceptually driven, memories and expectations

role performance

carrying out behaviors associated with role

social stratification

categorization of people into social classes

stimulants

cause inc in arousal of nervous system, inc frequency of AP, dec re-uptake amphetamines: inc release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin; inc arousal, dec appetite of need for sleep, inc HR and BP, euphoria, paranoia, grandeur cocaine: dec dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin reuptake ecstasy: inc HR and BP, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, euphoria, inc alertness

Hawk Dove game

centered upon struggle bt 2 parties for a shared food resource

social privilege

certain advantages are available to certain people in society

Solutions for cognitive dissonance

change belief, change behavior, change attitude

Internalization

changing behavior and privately agreeing with groups ideas as well

stereotype content model

classify stereotypes w/ respect to hypothetical in group warm group: not in direct competition w/ in-group for resources competent group: have high status in society paternalistic stereotypes: group seen as inferior, ignored , dismissed ; high W, low C contemptuous stereotypes: grp seen w/ resentment, anger, annoyance; low W, low C envious stereotypes: group viewed with jealousy, bitterness, distrust; low W, high C admiration stereotypes: group viewed with pride and positive feelings

Vygotsky

cognitive development driven by internalization of culture zone of proximal development: space bt what learner can do w/o assistance and what can do w/ guidance/collaboration

cyclothymic disorder

combo of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia

Role Conflict

competing expectations for 2 or more roles

evolutionary game theory

complex social behaviors (mating, aggressions,etc) persist in populations

theory of gender schema

components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means

CT

computer combines multiple x-rays taken at different angles detailed structure of internal organs and tissues at a single point in time recorded

Michelangelo phenomenon

concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self, the ideas an individual has regarding his own abilities, traits, and beliefs; AND, the interpersonal self, the manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self.

types and degrees of kinship

consanguineal: genetic relation affinal: based on marriage fictive: based on social ties not consanguineal or affinal (adoptive children) primary: 1st degree fam members (mom) secondary: primary kin of 1st degree fam (mom's bro) tertiary: secondary kin of 1st degree fam (mom's uncle)

Consistency cues Consensus cues Distinctiveness cues

consistency cues: consistent behavior of person over time consensus cues: extent person's behaviors differ from others distinctiveness cues: extent person has similar behavior across scenarios

illness anxiety disorder

consumed w/ thoughts of having/developing medical condition will either excessively check themselves or avoid medical appt

strain theory

explains deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure how anomic conditions can lead to deviance

different types of love

consummate love: intimacy, passion, and commitment liking: intimacy empty love: commitment infatuation: passion fatuous love: passion, commitment companionate love: intimacy, commitment romantic love: passion, intimacy

psychophysical discrimination testing

continue to increase intensity of stimulus until noticed

contralateral vs ipsilateral communication of brain

contralateral: cerebral hemispheres ipsilateral: hearing

reticular activating system

controls arousal

world systems theory

core nations: take resources from poorer countries and lead global economic market, strong government, diversified economy periphery nations: rely on export of their resources to wealthier countries, depending on core nations, weak govt and economy semi-periphery nations: bt core and periphery nations still give resources to core nations

crystallized vs fluid intelligence

crystallized: apply facts and acquired knowledge to situations fluid: apply logic and creative thinking to new situations

4 types of stressors

daily hassles: common, affect few people personal life event: major impact, affects few people Ambient: minor but affect many people Catastrophe: major event affecting many people

overconfidence bias

degree to which people are sure of their belief is greater than the accuracy of that belief

Schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms shows signs of disturbance for at least 6 months w/ at least 1 month of active symptoms

iron law of oligarchy

democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

monoamine hypothesis

depletion of monamine NT in CNS directly causes depressive symptoms monoamines: serotonin, dopamine, Norepi

differential association theory

deviance learned through interaction

direct vs indirect therapy

direct = acts directly on individual indirect = acts on environment and social factors affecting patient (social support)

social stigma

disapproval of those with deviant characteristic stigma: attribute or behavior considered undesirable by most in society

resocialization

discard old behaviors in favor of new ones

Role exit

disengaging with social role, replacing with new social role

dispositional approach vs situational approach to biological perspective of personality

dispositional: behavior determined by personality situational: behavior determined by environment, context

General anxiety disorder

disproportional, persistent worry about many things for at least 6 months, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems

distal vs proximal stimuli

distal: outside the body (campfire) proximal: once reach body (photons)

Features of Bureaucracy

division of labor: specialized employees increasing efficiency hierarchical organization: centralized authority and chain of command standardization: formal procedures and rules increasing uniformity and continuity impersonal: same impersonal criteria applied increasing equality

master status

dominant social position

Dominant vs non-dominant hemisphere functions

dominant: visual system- letters, words; auditory- language related sounds; language- speech, reading, writing, math; complex voluntary movement; Brocas and Wernickes area non dominant: visual- faces; auditory- music; language- emotions; geometry, sense of direction; intuition, creativity, music cognition

Cluster B personality disorders

dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior antisocial personality disorder: disregard for and violation of rights of others, deceit, lack of remorse borderline personality disorder: instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self image; identity disturbance w/ uncertainty of self image, sex identity; splitting: others as all good or all bad histrionic PD: constant attention seeking behavior narcissistic PD: sense of self-important, uniqueness, fantasies of success, need for admiration, feelings of entitlement, disturbing relations; concern w/ how others view them

persistent depressive disorder

dysthymia not severe enough to be MDD

Elements of McDonaldization

efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control

controlled processing and methods

effortful gaining of info (opposite is automatic processing) self reference effect: putting info in context of own lives maintenance rehearsal: repetition of info mnemonics method of loci: associate each item on list w/ location along route, take mental walk thru route and remember items peg-word: associate # w/ items that rhyme or resemble # chunking/clustering visual encoding weakest; acoustic encoding; semantic encoding (meaningful context) strongest

EEG

electrodes placed on scalp and connected to amplifier voltage fluctuations in brain over time recorded cannot localize activity to specific brain area

endolymph vs perilymph

endolymph: fluid inside membranous labyrinth perilymph: fluid surrounding endolymph inside bony labyrinth

Social network analysis

epidemiological technique of mapping connections bt individuals to study spread of communicable diseases in population

eros vs thannatos

eros: life instincts; promote quest for survival Thannatos: death instincts; unconscious wish for death/destruction

cultural relativism

ethical and social standards reflect the cultural context from which they are derived

second sickness

exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

Convergence

extent eyes turn inward to focus on object; closer objects means more convergence (contract) ; infers depth

adaptive value

extent to which a behavior/trait helps us survive and reproduce

group identification

extent to which a person perceives himself as a member of a larger group

Retinal disparity

eyes are 2.5 inches apart so each eye has a different image of an object; brain infers depth (distance) from the disparity

family studies vs adoption studies

family: compares rates of trait in family with rates in unrelated adoption: compares similarities bt biological relatives to child and adoptive relatives to child

depersonalization vs derealization

feel detached from own mind/body or surrounding respectively out of body experience-> depersonalization world with dreamlike quality-> derealization

Mirror neurons

fire when individual observes and performs behavior; big part in observational learning - learning done from observing someone perform a task

Lewin's Field Theory

focus on situations in present (humanistic perspective)

behaviorism

focuses on role of environment in shaping human behavior; specifically reinforcement and punishment

formal vs informal sanctions

formal: punishments/rewards issued by official institutions informal: things like praise, or shushing, nods of disapproval

cognitive dissonance theory

from beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors that are contradictory or incompatible

Korsakoff's syndrome

from thiamine deficiency in brain leads to retrograde and anterograde amnesia, confabulation (creating vivid, fabricated memories)

Roger's concept of incongruence

gap between a person's actual self and ideal self

External validity

generalizability; can results be applied to other situations; threatened by artificial research environment, non representative sample

Stereotypes

generalized beliefs (good or bad) about social groups; based on cognition

lowball technique

get initial commitment, then raise cost of commitment

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft theory

groups unified by feelings of togetherness from shared beliefs, ancestry, geography groups formed based on mutual interests working towards same goal

habituation vs dishabituation

habituation: dec in response due to repeated exposure to same stimulus dishabituation: recovery of response after habituation occurred

gentrification

higher income residents move into lower income urban areas

relative height

higher objects seen as more distant

semantic network

how brain organizes ideas, concepts linked based on similar meaning

Mate bias direct vs indirect benefits

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate direct benefits - material advantages, protection, emotional support indirect benefits - promoting better survival in offspring

social-cognitive perspective

how we interact with environment and how environment affects behavior

Malthusian theory of population growth

human populations increase exponentially, resources inc much slowly (linearly) -> preventive checks voluntarily dec birth rate and positive checks involuntarily inc death rate

Rational choice theory

humans make rational decisions to maximize gain and minimize loss; micro level

ego, superego, id

id: pleasure principle, (seek pleasure, avoid pain) unconscious superego: perfection principle (moralistic), conscious and unconscious ego: reality principle (behave in ways socially acceptable, mediates the other 2), conscious and unconscious

different identity statuses

identity diffusion: low commitment, low exploration; have not explored options, have not committed to path identity foreclosure: high commitment, low exploration (identity assigned typically by authority figure) identity moratorium: low commitment, high exploration identity achievement: high commitment, high exploration

interposition

if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

illness experience

illness work: gathering info about one's illness, seeking treatment, taking meds everyday work: other daily activities not directly involved in managing illness but are still impacted by illness biographical work: making sense of illness for oneself and others (explaining it to friends/fam)

8 factors of groupthink

illusion of invulnerability: create optimism, encourage risk taking collective rationalization: ignore warnings against groups ideas illusion of morality: groups decisions are correct excessive stereotyping: construct stereotypes against outside opinions pressure of conformity: pressure if disloyal opinion against groups self-censorship: withholding of opposing views illusion of unanimity: false sense of agreement w/in group mind guards: appt of members to protect against opposing views

visual field and side of brain

images in visual field represented in opposite hemisphere of brain

alter-casting

imposing an identity onto another person

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Discriminating stimulus

in operant conditioning, signal the availability of a reinforcement or punishment

social capital vs cultural capital

one's social network and the value of those connections knowledge, skills, education, etc that are used to make social distinctions

Big 5 Model of Personality

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

opiates vs opioids

opiates (morphine, codeine) are natural and opioids (oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin) are synthetic dec rxn to pain, euphoria methadone for treatment

Public Verifiability

other researchers must have the opportunity to inspect, criticize, replicate, or disprove the data and methods

Looking-glass self

our interpretation of how we are perceived by others impacts our self-concept

part of ear and functions of pinna/auricle, TM, ossicles, cochlea, organ of court, vestibule, semicircular canals, superior olive

outer ear- pinna/auricle: channels sound waves into external auditory canal TM: vibrates according to frequency of sound wave middle ear- ossicles (3 bones, transmit and amplify vibrations)- malleus (affixed to TM), incus (acted on my malleus), stapes (acted on by incus, rests on cochlea) middle ear connects to nasal cavity by Eustachian tubes inner ear- cochlea: filled by membranous labyrinth bathed in endolymph and surrounded by perilymph (transmits vibrations), divided into 3 scalae (middle one has organ of Corti (hearing apparatus) vestibule: utricle and saccule- linear acceleration, balancing apparatus, tell's orientation; hair cells covered w/ otoliths to resist motion during acceleration semicircular canals: rotational acceleration superior olive: localizes sound

identification

outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas

parvocellular cells vs magnocellular cells

parvocellular cells: shape; high sptaial resolution, low temporal resolution (stationary and slow moving objects) magnocellular cells: motion; high temporal resolution and low spatial resolution

social cognitive theory

people learn through observing others (vicarious learning)

reciprocal liking

people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

place theory

perception of sound depends on where vibrations are produced on the basilar membrane correlating to frequency; high frequency at base, low frequency at apex

what is constancy?

perception that object's characteristics remain stable; applies to shape, color, brightness, size

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance worst at extremely high/low arousal best at intermediate

Symbolic Interactionism

person to person interactions using symbols, meaning and value attached to symbols; micro level

role partner

person with whom one is interacting

culture shock

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

self serving bias

personal successes to internal factors and personal failures to external factors; focuses on own actions

5 mechanisms of mate choice

phenotypic benefits: observable traits sensory bias: development of trait to match preexisting preference in population fisherman/runaway selection: positive feedback mechnism where trait w/ negative/no effect on survival becomes more exaggerated (peacock feathers) indicator traits: signify good health and well being genetic compatibility: creation of mate pairs with complementary genetics

factors leading to interpersonal attraction

physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, familiarity

Schachter-Singer Theory

physiological changes then cognitive appraisal then emotion; cognitive appraisal based on environmental cues

James-Lange Theory

physiological changes then emotion

socioeconomic gradient

positive correlation between health and SES

power vs prestige

power is ability to achieve one's goals prestige is level of respect received by others

Mead's theory of social self

preparatory: infancy/toddler, imitation-often lacks understanding play: preschool age, role-taking- taking on role of specific others game: school age, generalized other-understanding all roles and overarching rules "I" - preparatory to play "Me" - play to game

Social facilitation vs Social impairment

presence of others enhances performance, usually with tasks that are easy, familiar, well rehearsed present of others hinders performance, usually with tasks that are difficult, unfamiliar

stress appraisal theory

primary appraisal: classification of stimulus (positive, negative, irrelevant); secondary appraisal: evaluation of ability to cope with stressor

primary vs secondary reinforcers

primary reinforcers: biological (naturally rewarding like food) secondary: conditioned to be desirable (like money)

primary, secondary, anticipatory socialization

primary: childhood, initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes secondary: adolescence, adults; learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of society anticipatory: prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, relations

proactive vs retroactive interference

proactive: old info interfering with new info retroactive: new info interfering with old info

PEN model

psychoticism: nonconformity, social deviance extraversion: tolerance for social interaction neuroticism: emotional arousal in stressful situations

pull factors vs push factors

pull: positive attributes of the new location that attract the immigrant push: negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave

ethnography

qualitative method of study of human social phenomena; uses observation and interviews to study people in natural environments

content analysis

qualitative study method that examines the text and images involved in human communication

Signal detection theory

quantifies how decisions are made under uncertain conditions amid noise (external or internal distraction); Correct detection, correct rejection, false positive, false negative

racial formation theory

racial identity is fluid and depends on social, economic, political factors

priming

recall aided by being presented word close to memory

what is not affected by aging

recall of general information (semantic memory, crystallized intelligence)

secularization

religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes and rationality/science thinking becomes important

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

defense mechanisms

repression: unconsciously force undesired thoughts/urges suppression: deliberate form of forgetting regression: reversion to earlier development state reaction formation: converting urges into exact opposite projection: attribute their feelings to others (ink blot test) rationalization: justify behaviors displacement: transfer undesired urge from 1 person to another sublimation: unacceptable urges to socially acceptable

Hawthorne effect

research subjects acting different from how normally would behave as a result of knowing that they are being observed

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

review defense mechanisms

review image

review different types of personality theories

review image

shaping

rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

prosody

rhythm, cadence, inflection of voice that affect pragmatics of language

sick role theory

rights: exemption from normal social roles and responsibilities; lack of accountability for illness obligations: must attempt to get well; must seek and comply w/ treatment

rooting reflex moro reflex Babinski reflex grasping reflex

rooting: turning head in direction of touching cheek moro: abrupt movement of head by flinging up arms then retracting, disappears after 4 months Babinski: toes spread apart when foot sole stimulated grasping: closes fingers around object

plutocracy

rule by upper classes

fMRI

scanner detects differential properties of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin changes in blood oxygenation in the brain over time measured

PET

scanner detects radioactive tracer attached to a glucose analog changes in glucose metabolism in brain over time measured

function of sclera, retina, lens, cornea, iris, ciliary body, canal of schlemm

sclera: white of the eye, not covering cornea tho choroidal and retinal vessels: supply eye with nutrients retina: innermost layer, has photoreceptors to transduce light into electrochemical info cornea: gathers and focuses incoming light iris: colored part of eye w/ dilator and constrictor pupillae choroid: bt retina and sclera ciliar body: produces aqueous humor which drains into canal of schlemm lens: controls refraction of incoming light; behind iris

attachment styles

secure: consistent caregiver, able to go out and explore knowing secure base to return to; upset by caregiver departure and comforted by their return avoidant: caregiver has little/no response to distressed child; no preference bt stranger and caregiver, no distress/relief w/ leaving/returning ambivalent: caregiver inconsistent response to child's distress; very distressed when they leave, mixed response when return (anxious-ambivalent-> anxious about reliability) disorganized: no clear pattern in response to caregiver absence/presence

cocktail party effect

selective attention process in which attention quickly shifts from attended stimulus to unattended stimulus; ex: talking to someone in a crowd and hear your name from the crowd

speech shadowing

selective attention process; involves repeating info presented in o1 ear while tuning out competing info in other ear

selective vs divided attention

selective: focus on 1 stimulus despite distractions divided: attend to 2 or more tasks/stimuli simultaneously

halo effect

the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

overextension

the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate; say doggie for a cow

motion parallax

things farther away move slower

monoamine theory of depressions

too much norepinephrine/serotonin in synapse-> mania too little-> depression

encoding

transfer of info into LT memory

demographic transition model

transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates Stage 1: pre-industrial societies, birth and death rates both high; pop growth slow Stage 2: society industrializes, death rates dec bc sanitation and food/medicine inc Stage 3: Society urbanizes, birth rates decline bc of contraception inc Stage 4: In developed societies, birth and death rates are low and pop growth is slow Stage 5: with very low birth rates, population may decline

social reproduction

transmission of society's values, norms, practices, social inequality from one gen to next

cultural transmission vs cultural diffusion

transmission: passing info from older generation to younger diffusion: spreading culture from 1 group to another

Fad

trends or crazes occurring over a short period within a segment of the population; viewed as favorable/popular

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

tries to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behaviors

cognitive behavioral therapy

tries to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behaviors uses desensitization, self-talk

humanistic therapy

tries to empower individual to move towards self-actualization unconditional positive regard and empathy

Humanisitc therapy

tries to empower individuals towards personal growth and self-actualization

Psychoanalytic therapy

tries to uncover how unconscious conflicts shape behaviors

psychoanalytic therapy

tries to uncover unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shape behaviors dream analysis

Hallucinogen drugs

triggers mind-altering effects ex: LSD low risk for dependence

impression management

trying to influence how one is perceived by others by employing certain behaviors

compliance

type of conformity in which individual publicly goes along with group but privately maintains own stance

relative size

understanding depth; lager object perceived as closer

spatial inequality

unequal geographical distribution of wealth resulting in concentration of health compromising factors in lower income neighborhoods (crime, pollution)

conversion disorder

unexplained symptom affecting voluntary motor/sensory function usually after stress/traumatic event ex: paralysis w/o neuro damage la belle indifference: surprisingly unconcerned by symptom

trial and error

unsystematic, time consuming; series of potential solutions attempted

counterbalancing

used to control for potential effects that order of intervention administration may have on results; separating groups that differ in order of administration

token economy

uses secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for a desirable reward

ingratiation

using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over

shading and contour

using light and shadows to perceive form (depth/contours) - crater/mountain)

base rate fallacy

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

otolith organs

utricle and saccule; detect linear acceleration

variable and fixed ratio/interval responses

variable interval and ratio are more resistant to extinction; variable ratio is most resistant fixed ratio: short pause right after reward and rapid response rate fixed interval: slower response rate right after reward, faster response rate right before reward variable ratio: rapid, steady response rate variable interval: slow, steady response rate

role set

various roles associated with status

dual coding theory

verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

vestibular sense kinesthetic sense

vestibular: rotational and linear acceleration kinesthetic: proprioception (where one is in space)

Biomedical approach

views physiological causes as basis of psychological symptoms

criterion of abnormality

violation of social norms, statistical rarity (how rare is this behavior), personal distress (does behavior show prolonged and unusual levels of stress), maladaptiveness (does behavior negatively impact person's life or pose threat to others)

Flashbulb memories

vivid, detailed autobiographical explicit memory for event that was very emotional, significant. individuals feel extremely confident about memory even after long time passed, they can vividly recall specific details around event including insignificant details, they can vividly recall emotional state at time; tend to be less accurate/consistent than believe

Cognitive neoassociation model

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when whenever we are feeling negative emotions (being tired, hungry, sick, frustrated, in pain)

synaptic pruning

weak neural connections break, strong ones bolstered

disconfirmation principle

when a potential solution to a problem fails during testing, it should be discarded

Deindividuation

when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the group's identity antinormative behavior

opponent-process theory

when drug taken repeatedly, body tries to counteract drug by changing physiology; creates tolerance and physical dependence

spreading activation

when linked concepts are unconsciously activated

Observe bias

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations or any bias by observers that affects the results; can be avoided for example by making observers blind to who got placebo

stereotype boost/lift

when positive stereotypes about group cause improved performance

serial position effect

when remembering lists

sick role theory

when someone is ill, they have certain rights and obligations

Labeling theory

when someone labeled as deviant, act of being labeled produces further deviance

Generational status

whether individuals were born in country they reside in

organ of Corti

within cochlea of inner ear; sound processing and transmits auditory info to temporal lobe

ego-syntonic vs ego-dystonic

• Ego-syntonic- behaviors, values, feelings that are acceptable to one's self image • Ex: anorexia (don't see that they have a problem) • Ego-dystonic- behaviors/thoughts that are in conflict with a person's ideal of self image • Ex: OCD (knows behavior isn't acceptable)