MCAT P/S
absolute poverty
inability to secure basic necessities of life
false consciousness
inaccurate assessment of one's own status
Factors of socioeconomic status
income, occupation, education, wealth, residence neighborhood
Identity shift effect
individual's state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection so individual conforms to the norms of the group
conformity
individual's thoughts or actions align with group norms due to implicit influence of others
obedience
individuals behave according to requests of authority figure
Confirmation bias
individuals embrace evidence supporting their beliefs and dismiss/ignore evidence refuting their beliefs
bystander effect
individuals less likely to help someone in need while in presence of others due to diffusion of responsibility
Bootstrapping
initial stage(s) of grammatical (i.e., syntactic) development
theories of motivation
instinct theory: driven to certain behaviors based on evolutionary instincts arousal theory: actions to maintain optimal level of arousal drive reduction theory: to eliminate uncomfy states (primary and secondary drives) maslow hierarchy of needs incentive theory self determination theory expectancy-value theory sexual motivation
Social exchange theory
interactions bt people based on each person's calculation of benefits and costs ; micro level
intragenerational vs intergenerational
intra: across 1 generation inter: between 2 or more generations
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes
Weber's Law
just noticeable difference in stimulus is ratio = difference bt 2 stimulus / original stimulus
body's sense of orientation and movement maintenance
kinesthetic sense: by proprioceptors in musculoskeletal system and skin (somatosensory system) vestibular sense: by otolith organs and semicircular canals visual input
anomie
lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society
lateral vs medial geniculate nucleus
lateral-> light (visual) medial -> musics (sound)
lateral, ventromedial, anterior hypothalamus functions
lateral: hunger center, signals to eat (damaged means starvation) ventromedial: satiety center, signals to stop eating (damaged means obesity) anterior: sexual behavior, sleep, body temperature * Lack Hunger, Very Much Hungry
gestalt principles
law of proximity: close together items-> 1 unit law of similarity: similar objects grouped together law of good continuation: follow same path grouped together subjective contours law of pragnanz: perceptual organization will be as simple, symmetrical, and regular as possible
latent learning
learning occurs without reward but is shown spontaneously once reward is introduced
socialization
learning the norms and values of a society or culture
Folkways
least deviant from norm; minor punishment; ex: wearing clothes backwards
emotions associated with parts of prefrontal cortex
left prefrontal: positive emotions right prefrontal: negative emotions dorsal prefrontal: attention and cognition ventral prefrontal: experience emotion
narcotic analgesic drugs
lessens sensation of pain aka opiates ex: morphine, codeine, heroin
concordance rate
likelihood that both twins display trait
Working memory
limited and temporary store of memory that involves manipulation and processing of info; central executive and 3 subsystems controlled by central executive central executive: regulates attention, task switching visuospatial sketchpad: used when manipulating visual and/or spatial information (reading a map) phonological loop: used when manipulating spoken and written information (reading book) episodic buffer: temporal processing (understanding timeline of events) and integrating info from LT memory into working memory
associative learning
linking of two events or stimuli (association bt behavior and consequence)
capitalist government
little govt intervention, focus on free market trade, and laissez faire policies; encourages division of labor
algorithms
logical or mathematical rule; accurate, systematic, time consuming
deindividuation
loss of individual self awareness when part of large group engaging in emotionally arousing activity; reduced sense of personal responsibility, inc sense of anonymity, reduced inhibitions
agnosia
loss of recognizing objects, people, sounds
women's morbidity and mortality in comparison
lower mortality, higher morbidity
macula and fovea blindspot
macula" central section with high [] cones fovea: centermost point w/ only cones blindspot: where optic nerve leaves eye with no photoreceptors
fundamentalism
maintenance of strict adherence to religious code
dyssomnias
make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep or avoid sleep insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
availability heuristic
making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
Bipolar disorders
manic episodes: abnormal, persistently elevated moods for at least 1 week w/ at least 3 symptoms- inc distraction, dec need for sleep, inflated self esteem, grandiosity, racing thoughts, inc goal directed activity/agitation, inc talk, high risk behavior DIG FAST: distractibly, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness Bipolar I: manic episode w/ or w/o major depressive episode Bipolar II: hypomania w/ at least 1 major depressive episode
manifest vs latent functions
manifest functions: intended, obvious purpose of social structure latent functions: unintended result of social structure
material culture vs symbolic culture
material: physical items valued by society (clothes, tools, computers) symbolic: nonmaterial aspects (folklore, values, laws)
inclusive fitness
measure of organism's success in population based on # of offspring, success in supporting offspring and offspring supporting each other
implicit association test
measures unconscious attitudes
promiscuity
member of 1 sex mating w/ any member of opposite sex
primary group
members who have frequent contact and are emotional connected; family members, close friends
Secondary group
members who interact for a common goal; colleagues
context effects
memory aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place
IQ
mental age/chronological age x 100
schemas
mental frameworks that organize old information and allow quick processing of new info
mental set vs functional fixedness
mental set: a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past functional fixedness: inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
linear perspective
monocular cure; distance bt parallel lines appear narrower as become further away
Major Depressive disorder
mood disorder at least 1 major depressive episode (at least 2 weeks w/ at least 5 symptoms) prominent and persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in almost all enjoyable activities (anhedonia), appetite change, weight change, sleep change, decreased energy, worthlessness, guilt, difficulty concentrating/thinking, feeling slowed down, suicidal thoughts SIG E CAPS (sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor sympathy, suicidal thoughts)
Mores
more deviant than folkways; ex: wearing no clothes in public
taboos
most deviant from norm; most serious punishment; ex: incest
phi phenomenon
motion picture effect in which series of still pics in rapid succession appear as moving
expectancy theory of motivation
motivation involves expectancy, instrumentality, and valence expectancy: perceived likelihood of effort leading to performance instrumentality: perceived likelihood of performance leading to reward valence: degree of value reward has for individual
incentive theory
motivation is the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
Fundamental attribution error
negative behaviors in others to intrinsic characteristics; focuses on others' actions
Discrimination
negative treatment of someone based on membership in a social group; based on action
normative vs informational social influence
normative: individual conforms to fit in/ avoid rejection by others; happens when individual identifies w/ group members and wants to be accetped informational: conforms bc of uncertainty of what to do and believing others know what to do; view other group members as experts
different types of organizations
normative: membership based on shared goals/values utilitarian: membership driven by compensation coercive: membership not freely chosen
means of social control
norms: societal rules defining boundaries, acceptable behaviors; mores- widely observed social norms sanctions: penalties for misconduct and rewards for appropriate behaviors
mesolithic reward pathway
nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial forebrain bundle
vicarious emotions
observer intuits feelings another might be experiencing; empathy
obstructive vs central sleep apnea
obstructive: physically closed airway central: cns problem bc the brain is forgetting to SIGNAL the lungs/diaphragm to breathe
Cluster A personality disorders
odd/eccentric behavior paranoid personality disorder: distrust for others, suspicion of others' motives schizotypal personality disorder: pattern of odd/eccentric thinking; ideas of reference- similar to delusions of reference but less severe; magical thinking- superstitiousness or belief in clairvoyance schizoid personality disorder: pattern of detachment from social relations, restricted range of emotional expression
alcohol myopia
short-sighted view of world from alcohol
heuristics
shortcut yielding; fast, potentially error prone
social networks create 2 types of social inequality
situational (socioeconomic advantage) and positional (how connected one is w/in network and one's centrality w/in network)
Thomas Theorem
situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences ex: if child believes a ghost exists, they will stay awake to avoid the ghost
somnambulism
sleepwalking during slow wave sleep
Depressant drugs
slows down CNS function; can also reduce anxiety; bind to GABA receptor enhancing effect of GABA ex: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Social constructionism
social constructs are defined as "real" by society, interactions in society give meaning to these otherwise worthless things; macro/micro level
Structural functionalism
social institutions work together for dynamic equilibrium (societal balance) like organ systems for homeostasis ; macro level
social trust from 2 sources
social norms of reciprocity and social networks
culture lag
social problems created by time delay bt rapid changes in material culture and slower changes in nonmaterial culture
4 factors to assess immigrant assimilation
socioeconomic status, geographic disturbance, language attainment, intermarriage
5 basic tastes
sour, salty, bitter, sweet, umami (savory)
hemispheric lateralization
specialization of right and left hemispheres for certain processes
Stimulant drugs
speed up CNS function, elevates mood ex: amphetamines, cocaine
positive reinforcement
stimulus added, behavior continues ; desirable stimulus added to inc behavior
positive punishment
stimulus added, behavior stops; undesirable stimulus added to dec behavior
negative reinforcement
stimulus removed, behavior continues; undesirable stimulus removed to inc behavior
negative punishment
stimulus removed, behavior stops; desirable stimulus removed to dec behavior
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
subjective evaluation of situation induces stress stage 1: primary appraisal- initial evaluation of environment and threat (threat is irrelevant, benign-positive, stressful) stage 2: secondary appraisal- whether organism can cope with stress (harm done, future threat, or challenge that can be overcome)
social reproduction
successive generations tend to occupy same social class
dissociative fugue
sudden travel away or purposeless wandering away from home/place of daily activity; confused of own identity, may take new one
Universal Emotions
surprise, fear, contempt, sadness, disgust, anger, happiness
types of neuroplasticity
synaptic: from changes in firing rate of presynaptic neuron altering amt of NT released and # of receptors on postsynaptic target structural: sprouting (inc connections bt neurons); rerouting (new connections bt neurons), pruning (dec connections bt neurons); doesn't happen quickly
Impacts of multitasking
task similarity: dissimilar tasks are easier to do than similar tasks task difficulty: simple tasks are easier than challenging tasks task practice: well-practiced tasks are easier than unfamiliar tasks
optimism bias
tendency for people to underestimate probability that bad things will happen to them
Marxist theory
the "have nots" (proletariat) could overthrow the "haves" (bourgeoisie) by developing class consciousness- organization of working class around shared goals and need for collective political action
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions delaying gratification for long term rewards is an example
peer pressure
the influence exerted on other peers to conform to group norms
cultural capital
the knowledge, behaviors, and skills learned to show cultural competence and social status
Whorfian linguistic relativity hypothesis
the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language
Medicalization
the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
interaction process analysis
a technique of observing and immediately classifying the activities of small groups
that's-not-all technique
before decision made, tells deal is even better and adds something to it
social learning theory
behavior shaped through social interaction, imitation, modeling
structural poverty
"holes" in the structure of society rather than poverty due to actions of the individual
golden ratio of body proptions
1.618:1
social interaction
2 or more individuals shape each other's behaviors
semicircular canals
3 canals within inner ear detecting angular acceleration
self-fulfilling prophecy
belief about something influences the behavior of the person who believes it
self discripancy theory
3 selves actual self: self-concept; how we see ourselves currently ideal self: person we would like to be ought self: representation of way others think we should be self esteem gets higher the closer these 3 become
Erickson theory of psychosocial development
(0-1) Trust vs Mistrust: faith in others (1-3) Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt: self control and independence (3-6) Initiative vs Guilt: take initiative w/ peers (6-12) Industry vs Inferiority: confidence in skills (12-20) Identity vs Role confusion: self identity (20-40) Intimacy vs Isolation: love others (40-65) Generativity vs Stagnation: concern for society (>65) Integrity vs Despair: accomplishment/fulfillment
Models of emotional expression
(1) basic model (proposed by Darwin)- many components in emotional expression-> facial expression, behavior, posture, vocal change, physio change (2) social construction model -no biological basis for emotions, based on experience and situation, emotions expressed differently across cultures (3) appraisal model: biologically predetermined expressions once emotion experience and cognitive antecedent to emotional expression
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization (morality, creativity ,not prejudice)
object relations theory
- object refers to representation of caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy -these objects persist into adulthood & impact our relationships
reciprocal determinism
- our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact w/ each other to determine our actions in a given situation
information processing model
-Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli -Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision-making -Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated & adjusted to help solve new problems -Problem solving depends on context and complexity of the problem
conduction aphasia
-arcuate fasciculus is damaged (connects Broca's area to Wernicke's area) -speech production and comprehension are intact (broca's and wernicke's areas are intact) - unable to repeat something that has been said b/c the connection b/w these 2 regions has been lost
signal detection theory
-perception of stimuli is affected by nonsensory factors like experience, motives, expectations can lead to response bias: systematically respond to stimulus due to non sensory factors
Freud psychosexual stages
0-1 year-Oral; fixation- excessive dependency as adult 1-3 yr -Anal; excessive orderliness or sloppiness as adult 3-6 yrs -Phallic; oedipal conflict: boys envy father's relation with mother, establish sexual identity; electra conflict: girls have penis envy, less stereotypical female behavior; sublimate libido energy by collecting objects, focus on schoolwork 6-11 yr-Latency; libido energy sublimated until puberty puberty-adulthood -Genital; should enter healthy heterosexual relationships
Kinsey scale of sexual behavior
0-6; 0 is exclusively heterosexual, 6 is exclusively homosexual
language acquisition theories
1. Behaviorist (learning theory): language acquisition by operant condition 2. Nativist (biological) theory: some innate capacity for language 3. Interactionist (social interactionist theory): driven by desire to communicate/behave socially
5 components of language
1. Phonology: sound of language 2. Morphology: structure of words (re-, -ed) 3. Semantics: association of meaning w/ word 4. Syntax: how words put together to form sentences 5. Pragmatics: dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor: ages 0-2; experience environment w/ senses and actions; stranger anxiety, object permanence at end of stage 2. preoperational: ages 2-7; symbolic thinking (pretend play, imagination), egocentrism, contraption (focus on 1 aspect of phenomenon, don't understand conservation), language development 3. concrete operational: ages 7-11; think logically about concrete events, grasp analogies, arithmetic; conservation, mathematical transformation 4. formal operational: >12; think about hypothetical scenarios, abstract thought; moral reasoning, abstract logic
self-efficacy
belief in ability to succeed; too much becomes overconfidence
self-determination theory
3 universal needs: autonomy-in control of one's actions/ideas; competence-compete and excel at different tasks; relatedness- to feel accepted/wanted in relationships
Stages of Language Development
9-12 months: babbling 12-18 months: 1 word 18-20 months: combining words, explosion of words 2-3 years: longer sentence 5 years: language rules mostly mastered
naming explosion
A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.
dichotic listening task
A task in which a person hears two or more different things in each ear
correspondent inference theory
A theory that states that people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if the behavior is unexpected.
insight problem solving
A-ha moment
Glutamate receptor subtypes
AMPA, NMDA, Kainate
General Adaptation Syndrome
ARE; Alarm: dec resistance to stress (first few minutes, SNS prepares body to act), Resistance: inc resistance to stress and hyper-adrenal inc, Exhaustion: dec resistance to stress
Sociological approaches to aging
Activity: remaining physically and socially active improves quality of life for older adults Continuity: older adults attempt to maintain the habits and behaviors from their youth Disengagement: older adults withdraw from social relationships/society as society withdraws from them Life course: aging viewed holistically in terms of social, biological, cultural, psychological contexts
inferiority complex, creative self, style of life, fictional finalism
Adler inferiority complex: sense of incompleteness, imperfection, inferiority creative self: by which individual shapes uniqueness, personality style of life: manifestation of creative self and way achieve superiority fictional finalism: motivated more by expectations of future than past experiences
cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits, functional autonomy
Allport cardinal: organizes life around these central: major personality characteristics secondary: more limited in occurrence, appear in close groups functional autonomy: behavior continues despite satisfaction of drive
Alternative hypothesis
Assumes that significant relationship/difference bt variables
Binocular cues vs monocular cues
Binocular cues: retinal disparity, convergence Monocular cues: relative size, interposition, relative height, shading and contour, motion parallax, linear perspective, texture gradient
Interactionist perspective of language acquisition
Biological (nrml brain development) AND social (interaction, motivation to communicate)
Actor observer bias
Blames own actions on situation and other's actions on internal factors; focuses on both own and other's actions
Internal validity
Causality; can changes in dependent variable be attributed to changes in independent variable; threatened by confounding variables, repeated testing, selection bias
Korsakoff syndrome
Cause: thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency from chronic alcohol consumption or malnutrition Sx: memory loss, confabulation (memory fabrication)
Elaboration likelihood model central vs peripheral route
Central route: audience is motivated and interested, high effort to process message, results in a lasting change in attitude Peripheral route: audience not motivated or interested, low effort to process message, persuaded by cues outside of message, results in temporary change in attitude
Conflict theory
Class conflict that arises when resources are unevenly distributed across social groups; macro level
Linguistic relativity theory (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)
Cognition influenced by language
Role strain
Competing expectations within a single role
Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism: promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting. Ethnocentrism is the idea that one's own culture is the main standard by which other cultures may be measured.
R-value
Describes linear relationship; -/+ means -/+ correlation; closer to -1/1 means stronger
Short term memory
Duration: about 20 seconds; Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
racialization
Establishment of a group as a particular race
Compare population pyramids connect them to demographic transition model
Expanding: triangle shape with broad base and small top; high birth rate, high death rate, short life expectancy, increasing population Stationary: equal widths of base and top; low birth rate, low death rate, long life expectancy, stable population Contracting: smaller base than middle; very low birth rate, low death rate, long life expectancy, decreasing population
Long term memory
Explicit (declarative memory): episodic - experiences ; semantic - facts Implicit (non declarative memory): procedural - skills & tasks ; emotional/reflexive
PTSD
Exposure to trauma, intrusive sx, avoiding reminders of trauma, hyperarousal sx, negative thoughts & mood symptoms for at least 1 month if between 3 days and 1 month -> acute stress disorder
Jung's 3 dichotomies of personality
Extraversion vs. introversion Sensing vs. intuiting Thinking vs. feeling
Type II error
False negative; Don't reject null when false; falsely conclude there is no difference
Type I error
False positive; reject null when true; falsely conclude that there is true difference
Top down processing
Guided by beliefs, ideas, expectations
Bottom up processing
Guided by incoming data (sensory info)
Schizophrenia positive symptoms
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior
Central vision
High density of cones; bright light conditions; color and detail perception; inc visual acuity
Peripheral vision
High density of rods; dim light conditions; motion perception; inc light sensitivity
basic anxiety vs basic hostility; ways to overcome
Horney basic anxiety: inadequate parenting -> vulnerability, helplessness basic hostility: neglect and rejection cause anger overcome by: moving toward people for goodwill/security, moving against people or fight for upper hand, moving away/withdrawing from people
criteria for problematic neurotic personalities
Horney if 1 of criteria: -disproportionate in intensity -indiscriminate in application -partially disregard reality -tendency to provoke intense anxiety
I vs Me (Mead)
I: creative expression of individual me: response to environment
incidence vs prevalence
Incidence = new cases in amt of time Prevalence = all cases overtime
Nativist perspective of language acquisition
Innate and biologically predetermined (during time sensitive period early in life)
absolute threshold
Intensity at which able to detect stimulus 50% of time
conscious mind vs collective and personal unconscious
Jung conscious mind is ego collective unconscious: all humans have from experiences of early ancestors from archetypes
persona, anima, animus, shadow
Jungian archetypes persona: personality we present to world anima: feminine; animus: masculine; sex-inappropriate qualities (opposite in the gender anima in men) shadow: unpleasant, socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, actions
Hallucinogens
LSD, mushrooms, peyote, ketamine, marijuana inc body temp, HR, sweating, dilate pupil marijuana: inhibits GABA activity, inc dopamine activity
Schizophrenia negative symptoms
Lack of motivation (apathy), social withdrawal, flat affect, lack of speech, anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure)
Learned Perspective of Language Acquisition
Language learned via operant condition, language imitation and practice
seasonal affective disorder
MDD w/ seasonal onset depressive in winter; treated with bright light therapy
Medicare vs. Medicaid
Medicare covers patients older than 65 (or those with end stage renal disease or ALS) Medicaid covers those who are in significant financial need.
mortality vs morbidity
Mortality: death rates Morbidity: illness rates
serotonin
NT involved in mood, sleep/wake regulation, social dominance/aggression, appetite
dopamine
NT that targets basal ganglia (motor function), mesolithic pathway (pleasure, reward), prefrontal cortex (motivation, emotional regulation)
Prejudice
Negative belief and feeling about someone based on membership in a social group; based on emotion
somatosensory receptors and type of stimulus
Pacinian corpuscles: deep pressure, vibration Meissner corpuscles: light touch Merkel cells: deep pressure, texture Ruffini endings: stretch free nerve endings: pain, temperature
personal identity vs social identity
Personal identity: intragroup comparison (diff from other in-group members), defined by one's self, experience self concept as an individual Social identity: intergroup comparison (diff from out-group members), defined by society, experience self concept as member of group
Cannon-Bard Theory
Physiological changes and emotion are separate but simultaneous
polygyny vs polyandry
Polygyny = man w/ multiple wives Polyandry = women w/ multiple husbands
Dependency ratio
[(# children dependent + # retired dependents) / # people in workforce ] x 100 ; proportion of unproductive (<15 or >64) to productive people in population
social exclusion
a sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society
Feminist theory
examines gender inequality in society; macro/micro level
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Preconventional: preadolescence; obedience- avoid punishment; self-interest- gaining rewards; instrumental relativist stage (morality of action based on how it benefits them; reciprocity and sharing) Conventional: adolescence-adulthood; conformity- seek approval of others; law and order- maintain social order in highest regard Postconventional: adulthood (not everyone reaches this); social contract- moral rules to ensure greater good; universal human ethics: consider abstract principles
serial processing
Processing 1 piece of info at a time
parallel processing
Processing multiple sources of info simultaneously
auditory hair cells
Receptors in the cochlea that transduce sound into electrical potentials.; mechanoreceptors
Group polarization
Result in more extreme opinions after group discussion; more likely if have similar opinions to begin with
Groupthink
Result in more irrational decision bc group members don't want to speak up and cause discord; more likely if have a strong, well-liked group lead
what are the specialized processes of right hemisphere and left hemisphere?
Right: spatial processing, art, music, visualization, emotion, controls touch and movement of left side Left: analytical thought, language, reasoning, math, science, controls touch and movement of right side
unconditional positive regard
Rogers; client centered therapy
proprioceptors
Sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints tendons and vestibular system, that provide information about body position and movement.
Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)
Seven intelligences: linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal
Weber law
Size of difference threshold is proportional not constant; constant = difference bt 2 stimuli/ original stimulus
Difference threshold
Smallest difference bt stimuli person can detect 50% of time
Null hypothesis
States there is no significant difference/relationship bt variables
crude rate
Total rate for a population
Type A vs. Type B personality
Type A - competitive and compulsive Type B - laid-back and relaxed
Type vs Trait theorists
Type: create taxonomy of personality types Trait: describe an individual as the sum of their characteristics
Reliability
ability of experiment to produce similar results every time
theory of mind
ability to take into account another individual's mental state looking-glass self: relies on others reflecting us to ourself
Categorical perception of phonemes
ability to tell difference bt speech sounds and if change meaning of word
parasomnia
abnormal movement/behaviors during sleep (night terrors, sleepwalking)
absolute threshold, difference threshold, subliminal perception, two-point threshold
absolute: minimum stimulus energy to activate sensory system (not transducer or reach CNS just sensed) subliminal perception: perception of stimulus below given threshold (conscious perception); reaches CNS but not higher brain order difference threshold: difference in magnitude bt 2 stimuli before can perceive difference (Weber's law) two point threshold: minimum distance bt 2 points of stimulus on skin to be detected as 2 distinct stimuli
Dream Theories
activation-synthesis theory: widespread random activation of neural circuits problem-solving theory: way to solve problems while sleeping cognitive process theory: sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness
traditional behaviorist mindset
actual outcomes determine behavior not the cognitions of potential outcomes
affects of acute vs chronic stress
acute stress: inc alertness, less pain perception, immune system ready for injury, HR inc, blood vessels constrict, hormones mobilize energy supplies, reproductive organs temporarily suppresed chronic stress: impaired memory, inc risk for depression, deteriorated immune response, BP inc, higher risk heart disease, high hormone levels, slow recovery from acute stress, higher risk oof infertility/miscarriage
Confounding variables
additional variables that influence independent or dependent variable
3 components of attitude
affective: emotional part, how feel towards something behavioral: how act towards something cognitive: way individual thinks about something (justifies other 2 components)
depressants
alcohol: inc GABA activity and dopamine barbiturates: inc GABA activity, anxiety reducing and sleep meds (amobarbital, phenobarbital), replaced by benzodiazepines (alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam)
4 alternative for strategic interactions
altruism, cooperation, spite, selfishness
expectancy-value theory
amount of motivation needed is the result of both the individual's expectation of success in reaching goal and degree to which values succeeding at the goal
glass celing
an invisible barrier that prevents most women and minorities from advancing to the highest levels of occupations
preparedness
animals learn behaviors that naturally coincide with natural behavior
anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia
anterograde: can't form new memories after injury retrograde: memory loss of events before injury
social anxiety disorder
anxiety due to social situations, performance situations
Stereotype threat
anxiety experienced by individual who feels judged based on negative stereotype about group they belong in
Kelly's mindset of humanistic perspective
anxious person has difficulty understanding variables in environment
Cluster C personality disorders
anxious, fearful avoidant PD: extreme shyness, fear of rejection dependent PD: continuous need for reassurance obsessive compulsive PD: perfectionistic and inflexible, likes rules and order
paradoxical sleep
arousal levels reach that of wakefulness but muscles are paralyzed
ascribed status
assigned social position
assimilation vs accommodation of info
assimilation: classifying new info into existing schemata accommodation: existing schema modified to encompass new info
somatic symptom disorder
at least 1 somatic symptom with disproportionate concerns of its seriousness, inc levels of anxiety, inc amount of time/energy to it
achieved status
attained social position
functional attitudes theory
attitude serves 4 functions knowledge: provides consistency and stability, organizes thoughts and experiences, predicts behavior ego-expressive: communicate and solidify self identity adaptive: will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes ego-defensive: protect self-esteem, justify actions
learning theory of attitude
attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
Sensory memory
auditory (echoic): few seconds; visual (iconic): less than a second
(1) authentic self (2) ideal self (3) tactical self
authentic self: who person actually is ideal self: who we would like to be under optimal circumstances tactical self: who we market to be adhering to expectations of us
System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)
belief that 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction dominance vs submssion friendliness vs unfriendliness instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive
just world phenomenon
belief that world is fair and good things happen to people who are hardworking/good and bad things happen to bad people/lazy people
beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for pt autonomy, justice
beneficence: doc has responsibility to act on pt's best interest nonmaleficience: do no harm respect for pt autonomy: respect pt's decisions and choices for own health justice: treat similar pt with similar care, distribute resources fairly
stages of sleep and waves
beta waves: alert and attending to mental task w/ concentration, high frequency alpha waves: relaxing w/ eyes closed stage 1- theta waves; as soon as doze off, slow frequency, high voltage stage 2- theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes; fall deeper into sleep stage 3 and 4- delta waves (slow wave sleep); slower EEG activity, difficult to wake someone, memory consolidation, inc GH release, cognitive recovery stage 5- REM sleep (most dreams) NREM is stages 1-4
cells bt rods / cones and optic chiasm
bipolar cells: highlight gradients bt adjacent rods and cones; connect w/ rods and cones; synapse with ganglion cells ganglion cells: group together forming optic nerve; resolution dec as # of cells onto ganglion cell increases amacrine and horizontal cells: receive input from retinal cells before info is passed onto ganglion cells
4 humors of the body
blood (sanguine- impulsive, charismatic; abhi); bile (choleric- aggressive, dominant; sunny); black bile (melancholic- depressive, cautious; narayan); phlegm (phlegmatic- relaxed, affectionate; zeel)
bottom-up processing vs top down processing
bottom up (inductive reasoning): based on facts and data driven top down (deductive reasoning): conceptually driven, memories and expectations
role performance
carrying out behaviors associated with role
social stratification
categorization of people into social classes
stimulants
cause inc in arousal of nervous system, inc frequency of AP, dec re-uptake amphetamines: inc release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin; inc arousal, dec appetite of need for sleep, inc HR and BP, euphoria, paranoia, grandeur cocaine: dec dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin reuptake ecstasy: inc HR and BP, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, euphoria, inc alertness
Hawk Dove game
centered upon struggle bt 2 parties for a shared food resource
social privilege
certain advantages are available to certain people in society
Solutions for cognitive dissonance
change belief, change behavior, change attitude
Internalization
changing behavior and privately agreeing with groups ideas as well
stereotype content model
classify stereotypes w/ respect to hypothetical in group warm group: not in direct competition w/ in-group for resources competent group: have high status in society paternalistic stereotypes: group seen as inferior, ignored , dismissed ; high W, low C contemptuous stereotypes: grp seen w/ resentment, anger, annoyance; low W, low C envious stereotypes: group viewed with jealousy, bitterness, distrust; low W, high C admiration stereotypes: group viewed with pride and positive feelings
Vygotsky
cognitive development driven by internalization of culture zone of proximal development: space bt what learner can do w/o assistance and what can do w/ guidance/collaboration
cyclothymic disorder
combo of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia
Role Conflict
competing expectations for 2 or more roles
evolutionary game theory
complex social behaviors (mating, aggressions,etc) persist in populations
theory of gender schema
components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means
CT
computer combines multiple x-rays taken at different angles detailed structure of internal organs and tissues at a single point in time recorded
Michelangelo phenomenon
concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self, the ideas an individual has regarding his own abilities, traits, and beliefs; AND, the interpersonal self, the manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self.
types and degrees of kinship
consanguineal: genetic relation affinal: based on marriage fictive: based on social ties not consanguineal or affinal (adoptive children) primary: 1st degree fam members (mom) secondary: primary kin of 1st degree fam (mom's bro) tertiary: secondary kin of 1st degree fam (mom's uncle)
Consistency cues Consensus cues Distinctiveness cues
consistency cues: consistent behavior of person over time consensus cues: extent person's behaviors differ from others distinctiveness cues: extent person has similar behavior across scenarios
illness anxiety disorder
consumed w/ thoughts of having/developing medical condition will either excessively check themselves or avoid medical appt
strain theory
explains deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure how anomic conditions can lead to deviance
different types of love
consummate love: intimacy, passion, and commitment liking: intimacy empty love: commitment infatuation: passion fatuous love: passion, commitment companionate love: intimacy, commitment romantic love: passion, intimacy
psychophysical discrimination testing
continue to increase intensity of stimulus until noticed
contralateral vs ipsilateral communication of brain
contralateral: cerebral hemispheres ipsilateral: hearing
reticular activating system
controls arousal
world systems theory
core nations: take resources from poorer countries and lead global economic market, strong government, diversified economy periphery nations: rely on export of their resources to wealthier countries, depending on core nations, weak govt and economy semi-periphery nations: bt core and periphery nations still give resources to core nations
crystallized vs fluid intelligence
crystallized: apply facts and acquired knowledge to situations fluid: apply logic and creative thinking to new situations
4 types of stressors
daily hassles: common, affect few people personal life event: major impact, affects few people Ambient: minor but affect many people Catastrophe: major event affecting many people
overconfidence bias
degree to which people are sure of their belief is greater than the accuracy of that belief
Schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms shows signs of disturbance for at least 6 months w/ at least 1 month of active symptoms
iron law of oligarchy
democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
monoamine hypothesis
depletion of monamine NT in CNS directly causes depressive symptoms monoamines: serotonin, dopamine, Norepi
differential association theory
deviance learned through interaction
direct vs indirect therapy
direct = acts directly on individual indirect = acts on environment and social factors affecting patient (social support)
social stigma
disapproval of those with deviant characteristic stigma: attribute or behavior considered undesirable by most in society
resocialization
discard old behaviors in favor of new ones
Role exit
disengaging with social role, replacing with new social role
dispositional approach vs situational approach to biological perspective of personality
dispositional: behavior determined by personality situational: behavior determined by environment, context
General anxiety disorder
disproportional, persistent worry about many things for at least 6 months, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems
distal vs proximal stimuli
distal: outside the body (campfire) proximal: once reach body (photons)
Features of Bureaucracy
division of labor: specialized employees increasing efficiency hierarchical organization: centralized authority and chain of command standardization: formal procedures and rules increasing uniformity and continuity impersonal: same impersonal criteria applied increasing equality
master status
dominant social position
Dominant vs non-dominant hemisphere functions
dominant: visual system- letters, words; auditory- language related sounds; language- speech, reading, writing, math; complex voluntary movement; Brocas and Wernickes area non dominant: visual- faces; auditory- music; language- emotions; geometry, sense of direction; intuition, creativity, music cognition
Cluster B personality disorders
dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior antisocial personality disorder: disregard for and violation of rights of others, deceit, lack of remorse borderline personality disorder: instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self image; identity disturbance w/ uncertainty of self image, sex identity; splitting: others as all good or all bad histrionic PD: constant attention seeking behavior narcissistic PD: sense of self-important, uniqueness, fantasies of success, need for admiration, feelings of entitlement, disturbing relations; concern w/ how others view them
persistent depressive disorder
dysthymia not severe enough to be MDD
Elements of McDonaldization
efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control
controlled processing and methods
effortful gaining of info (opposite is automatic processing) self reference effect: putting info in context of own lives maintenance rehearsal: repetition of info mnemonics method of loci: associate each item on list w/ location along route, take mental walk thru route and remember items peg-word: associate # w/ items that rhyme or resemble # chunking/clustering visual encoding weakest; acoustic encoding; semantic encoding (meaningful context) strongest
EEG
electrodes placed on scalp and connected to amplifier voltage fluctuations in brain over time recorded cannot localize activity to specific brain area
endolymph vs perilymph
endolymph: fluid inside membranous labyrinth perilymph: fluid surrounding endolymph inside bony labyrinth
Social network analysis
epidemiological technique of mapping connections bt individuals to study spread of communicable diseases in population
eros vs thannatos
eros: life instincts; promote quest for survival Thannatos: death instincts; unconscious wish for death/destruction
cultural relativism
ethical and social standards reflect the cultural context from which they are derived
second sickness
exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice
Convergence
extent eyes turn inward to focus on object; closer objects means more convergence (contract) ; infers depth
adaptive value
extent to which a behavior/trait helps us survive and reproduce
group identification
extent to which a person perceives himself as a member of a larger group
Retinal disparity
eyes are 2.5 inches apart so each eye has a different image of an object; brain infers depth (distance) from the disparity
family studies vs adoption studies
family: compares rates of trait in family with rates in unrelated adoption: compares similarities bt biological relatives to child and adoptive relatives to child
depersonalization vs derealization
feel detached from own mind/body or surrounding respectively out of body experience-> depersonalization world with dreamlike quality-> derealization
Mirror neurons
fire when individual observes and performs behavior; big part in observational learning - learning done from observing someone perform a task
Lewin's Field Theory
focus on situations in present (humanistic perspective)
behaviorism
focuses on role of environment in shaping human behavior; specifically reinforcement and punishment
formal vs informal sanctions
formal: punishments/rewards issued by official institutions informal: things like praise, or shushing, nods of disapproval
cognitive dissonance theory
from beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors that are contradictory or incompatible
Korsakoff's syndrome
from thiamine deficiency in brain leads to retrograde and anterograde amnesia, confabulation (creating vivid, fabricated memories)
Roger's concept of incongruence
gap between a person's actual self and ideal self
External validity
generalizability; can results be applied to other situations; threatened by artificial research environment, non representative sample
Stereotypes
generalized beliefs (good or bad) about social groups; based on cognition
lowball technique
get initial commitment, then raise cost of commitment
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft theory
groups unified by feelings of togetherness from shared beliefs, ancestry, geography groups formed based on mutual interests working towards same goal
habituation vs dishabituation
habituation: dec in response due to repeated exposure to same stimulus dishabituation: recovery of response after habituation occurred
gentrification
higher income residents move into lower income urban areas
relative height
higher objects seen as more distant
semantic network
how brain organizes ideas, concepts linked based on similar meaning
Mate bias direct vs indirect benefits
how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate direct benefits - material advantages, protection, emotional support indirect benefits - promoting better survival in offspring
social-cognitive perspective
how we interact with environment and how environment affects behavior
Malthusian theory of population growth
human populations increase exponentially, resources inc much slowly (linearly) -> preventive checks voluntarily dec birth rate and positive checks involuntarily inc death rate
Rational choice theory
humans make rational decisions to maximize gain and minimize loss; micro level
ego, superego, id
id: pleasure principle, (seek pleasure, avoid pain) unconscious superego: perfection principle (moralistic), conscious and unconscious ego: reality principle (behave in ways socially acceptable, mediates the other 2), conscious and unconscious
different identity statuses
identity diffusion: low commitment, low exploration; have not explored options, have not committed to path identity foreclosure: high commitment, low exploration (identity assigned typically by authority figure) identity moratorium: low commitment, high exploration identity achievement: high commitment, high exploration
interposition
if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
illness experience
illness work: gathering info about one's illness, seeking treatment, taking meds everyday work: other daily activities not directly involved in managing illness but are still impacted by illness biographical work: making sense of illness for oneself and others (explaining it to friends/fam)
8 factors of groupthink
illusion of invulnerability: create optimism, encourage risk taking collective rationalization: ignore warnings against groups ideas illusion of morality: groups decisions are correct excessive stereotyping: construct stereotypes against outside opinions pressure of conformity: pressure if disloyal opinion against groups self-censorship: withholding of opposing views illusion of unanimity: false sense of agreement w/in group mind guards: appt of members to protect against opposing views
visual field and side of brain
images in visual field represented in opposite hemisphere of brain
alter-casting
imposing an identity onto another person
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Discriminating stimulus
in operant conditioning, signal the availability of a reinforcement or punishment
social capital vs cultural capital
one's social network and the value of those connections knowledge, skills, education, etc that are used to make social distinctions
Big 5 Model of Personality
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
opiates vs opioids
opiates (morphine, codeine) are natural and opioids (oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin) are synthetic dec rxn to pain, euphoria methadone for treatment
Public Verifiability
other researchers must have the opportunity to inspect, criticize, replicate, or disprove the data and methods
Looking-glass self
our interpretation of how we are perceived by others impacts our self-concept
part of ear and functions of pinna/auricle, TM, ossicles, cochlea, organ of court, vestibule, semicircular canals, superior olive
outer ear- pinna/auricle: channels sound waves into external auditory canal TM: vibrates according to frequency of sound wave middle ear- ossicles (3 bones, transmit and amplify vibrations)- malleus (affixed to TM), incus (acted on my malleus), stapes (acted on by incus, rests on cochlea) middle ear connects to nasal cavity by Eustachian tubes inner ear- cochlea: filled by membranous labyrinth bathed in endolymph and surrounded by perilymph (transmits vibrations), divided into 3 scalae (middle one has organ of Corti (hearing apparatus) vestibule: utricle and saccule- linear acceleration, balancing apparatus, tell's orientation; hair cells covered w/ otoliths to resist motion during acceleration semicircular canals: rotational acceleration superior olive: localizes sound
identification
outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas
parvocellular cells vs magnocellular cells
parvocellular cells: shape; high sptaial resolution, low temporal resolution (stationary and slow moving objects) magnocellular cells: motion; high temporal resolution and low spatial resolution
social cognitive theory
people learn through observing others (vicarious learning)
reciprocal liking
people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
place theory
perception of sound depends on where vibrations are produced on the basilar membrane correlating to frequency; high frequency at base, low frequency at apex
what is constancy?
perception that object's characteristics remain stable; applies to shape, color, brightness, size
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance worst at extremely high/low arousal best at intermediate
Symbolic Interactionism
person to person interactions using symbols, meaning and value attached to symbols; micro level
role partner
person with whom one is interacting
culture shock
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
self serving bias
personal successes to internal factors and personal failures to external factors; focuses on own actions
5 mechanisms of mate choice
phenotypic benefits: observable traits sensory bias: development of trait to match preexisting preference in population fisherman/runaway selection: positive feedback mechnism where trait w/ negative/no effect on survival becomes more exaggerated (peacock feathers) indicator traits: signify good health and well being genetic compatibility: creation of mate pairs with complementary genetics
factors leading to interpersonal attraction
physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, familiarity
Schachter-Singer Theory
physiological changes then cognitive appraisal then emotion; cognitive appraisal based on environmental cues
James-Lange Theory
physiological changes then emotion
socioeconomic gradient
positive correlation between health and SES
power vs prestige
power is ability to achieve one's goals prestige is level of respect received by others
Mead's theory of social self
preparatory: infancy/toddler, imitation-often lacks understanding play: preschool age, role-taking- taking on role of specific others game: school age, generalized other-understanding all roles and overarching rules "I" - preparatory to play "Me" - play to game
Social facilitation vs Social impairment
presence of others enhances performance, usually with tasks that are easy, familiar, well rehearsed present of others hinders performance, usually with tasks that are difficult, unfamiliar
stress appraisal theory
primary appraisal: classification of stimulus (positive, negative, irrelevant); secondary appraisal: evaluation of ability to cope with stressor
primary vs secondary reinforcers
primary reinforcers: biological (naturally rewarding like food) secondary: conditioned to be desirable (like money)
primary, secondary, anticipatory socialization
primary: childhood, initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes secondary: adolescence, adults; learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of society anticipatory: prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, relations
proactive vs retroactive interference
proactive: old info interfering with new info retroactive: new info interfering with old info
PEN model
psychoticism: nonconformity, social deviance extraversion: tolerance for social interaction neuroticism: emotional arousal in stressful situations
pull factors vs push factors
pull: positive attributes of the new location that attract the immigrant push: negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave
ethnography
qualitative method of study of human social phenomena; uses observation and interviews to study people in natural environments
content analysis
qualitative study method that examines the text and images involved in human communication
Signal detection theory
quantifies how decisions are made under uncertain conditions amid noise (external or internal distraction); Correct detection, correct rejection, false positive, false negative
racial formation theory
racial identity is fluid and depends on social, economic, political factors
priming
recall aided by being presented word close to memory
what is not affected by aging
recall of general information (semantic memory, crystallized intelligence)
secularization
religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes and rationality/science thinking becomes important
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
defense mechanisms
repression: unconsciously force undesired thoughts/urges suppression: deliberate form of forgetting regression: reversion to earlier development state reaction formation: converting urges into exact opposite projection: attribute their feelings to others (ink blot test) rationalization: justify behaviors displacement: transfer undesired urge from 1 person to another sublimation: unacceptable urges to socially acceptable
Hawthorne effect
research subjects acting different from how normally would behave as a result of knowing that they are being observed
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
review defense mechanisms
review image
review different types of personality theories
review image
shaping
rewarding increasingly specific behaviors
prosody
rhythm, cadence, inflection of voice that affect pragmatics of language
sick role theory
rights: exemption from normal social roles and responsibilities; lack of accountability for illness obligations: must attempt to get well; must seek and comply w/ treatment
rooting reflex moro reflex Babinski reflex grasping reflex
rooting: turning head in direction of touching cheek moro: abrupt movement of head by flinging up arms then retracting, disappears after 4 months Babinski: toes spread apart when foot sole stimulated grasping: closes fingers around object
plutocracy
rule by upper classes
fMRI
scanner detects differential properties of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin changes in blood oxygenation in the brain over time measured
PET
scanner detects radioactive tracer attached to a glucose analog changes in glucose metabolism in brain over time measured
function of sclera, retina, lens, cornea, iris, ciliary body, canal of schlemm
sclera: white of the eye, not covering cornea tho choroidal and retinal vessels: supply eye with nutrients retina: innermost layer, has photoreceptors to transduce light into electrochemical info cornea: gathers and focuses incoming light iris: colored part of eye w/ dilator and constrictor pupillae choroid: bt retina and sclera ciliar body: produces aqueous humor which drains into canal of schlemm lens: controls refraction of incoming light; behind iris
attachment styles
secure: consistent caregiver, able to go out and explore knowing secure base to return to; upset by caregiver departure and comforted by their return avoidant: caregiver has little/no response to distressed child; no preference bt stranger and caregiver, no distress/relief w/ leaving/returning ambivalent: caregiver inconsistent response to child's distress; very distressed when they leave, mixed response when return (anxious-ambivalent-> anxious about reliability) disorganized: no clear pattern in response to caregiver absence/presence
cocktail party effect
selective attention process in which attention quickly shifts from attended stimulus to unattended stimulus; ex: talking to someone in a crowd and hear your name from the crowd
speech shadowing
selective attention process; involves repeating info presented in o1 ear while tuning out competing info in other ear
selective vs divided attention
selective: focus on 1 stimulus despite distractions divided: attend to 2 or more tasks/stimuli simultaneously
halo effect
the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
overextension
the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate; say doggie for a cow
motion parallax
things farther away move slower
monoamine theory of depressions
too much norepinephrine/serotonin in synapse-> mania too little-> depression
encoding
transfer of info into LT memory
demographic transition model
transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates Stage 1: pre-industrial societies, birth and death rates both high; pop growth slow Stage 2: society industrializes, death rates dec bc sanitation and food/medicine inc Stage 3: Society urbanizes, birth rates decline bc of contraception inc Stage 4: In developed societies, birth and death rates are low and pop growth is slow Stage 5: with very low birth rates, population may decline
social reproduction
transmission of society's values, norms, practices, social inequality from one gen to next
cultural transmission vs cultural diffusion
transmission: passing info from older generation to younger diffusion: spreading culture from 1 group to another
Fad
trends or crazes occurring over a short period within a segment of the population; viewed as favorable/popular
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
tries to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behaviors
cognitive behavioral therapy
tries to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behaviors uses desensitization, self-talk
humanistic therapy
tries to empower individual to move towards self-actualization unconditional positive regard and empathy
Humanisitc therapy
tries to empower individuals towards personal growth and self-actualization
Psychoanalytic therapy
tries to uncover how unconscious conflicts shape behaviors
psychoanalytic therapy
tries to uncover unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shape behaviors dream analysis
Hallucinogen drugs
triggers mind-altering effects ex: LSD low risk for dependence
impression management
trying to influence how one is perceived by others by employing certain behaviors
compliance
type of conformity in which individual publicly goes along with group but privately maintains own stance
relative size
understanding depth; lager object perceived as closer
spatial inequality
unequal geographical distribution of wealth resulting in concentration of health compromising factors in lower income neighborhoods (crime, pollution)
conversion disorder
unexplained symptom affecting voluntary motor/sensory function usually after stress/traumatic event ex: paralysis w/o neuro damage la belle indifference: surprisingly unconcerned by symptom
trial and error
unsystematic, time consuming; series of potential solutions attempted
counterbalancing
used to control for potential effects that order of intervention administration may have on results; separating groups that differ in order of administration
token economy
uses secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for a desirable reward
ingratiation
using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
shading and contour
using light and shadows to perceive form (depth/contours) - crater/mountain)
base rate fallacy
using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
otolith organs
utricle and saccule; detect linear acceleration
variable and fixed ratio/interval responses
variable interval and ratio are more resistant to extinction; variable ratio is most resistant fixed ratio: short pause right after reward and rapid response rate fixed interval: slower response rate right after reward, faster response rate right before reward variable ratio: rapid, steady response rate variable interval: slow, steady response rate
role set
various roles associated with status
dual coding theory
verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information
vestibular sense kinesthetic sense
vestibular: rotational and linear acceleration kinesthetic: proprioception (where one is in space)
Biomedical approach
views physiological causes as basis of psychological symptoms
criterion of abnormality
violation of social norms, statistical rarity (how rare is this behavior), personal distress (does behavior show prolonged and unusual levels of stress), maladaptiveness (does behavior negatively impact person's life or pose threat to others)
Flashbulb memories
vivid, detailed autobiographical explicit memory for event that was very emotional, significant. individuals feel extremely confident about memory even after long time passed, they can vividly recall specific details around event including insignificant details, they can vividly recall emotional state at time; tend to be less accurate/consistent than believe
Cognitive neoassociation model
we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when whenever we are feeling negative emotions (being tired, hungry, sick, frustrated, in pain)
synaptic pruning
weak neural connections break, strong ones bolstered
disconfirmation principle
when a potential solution to a problem fails during testing, it should be discarded
Deindividuation
when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the group's identity antinormative behavior
opponent-process theory
when drug taken repeatedly, body tries to counteract drug by changing physiology; creates tolerance and physical dependence
spreading activation
when linked concepts are unconsciously activated
Observe bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations or any bias by observers that affects the results; can be avoided for example by making observers blind to who got placebo
stereotype boost/lift
when positive stereotypes about group cause improved performance
serial position effect
when remembering lists
sick role theory
when someone is ill, they have certain rights and obligations
Labeling theory
when someone labeled as deviant, act of being labeled produces further deviance
Generational status
whether individuals were born in country they reside in
organ of Corti
within cochlea of inner ear; sound processing and transmits auditory info to temporal lobe
ego-syntonic vs ego-dystonic
• Ego-syntonic- behaviors, values, feelings that are acceptable to one's self image • Ex: anorexia (don't see that they have a problem) • Ego-dystonic- behaviors/thoughts that are in conflict with a person's ideal of self image • Ex: OCD (knows behavior isn't acceptable)
