Chapter 5 assignment photosynthesis bio L100

PHOTOSYSTEM II BEGINNING TO END. List in order

1. Antenna pigments a photon light 2. Light energy is transferred to the reaction center 3. Two electrons carrying potential energy are passed to the electron transport chain.

the general formula of photosynthesis to their correct locations in the chemical equation. Include the molecule preceded by a number.

24CO₂ + 24 H₂O ------> 4 C₆H₁₂ O₆+ 24 O₂

Protons diffusing through the enzyme complex called ___________ ______________provide energy that the enzyme uses to generate ATP in the light reactions.

ATP SYNTHASE

In the light reactions, pigment molecules in photosystems capture photons of light and energy from light becomes stored in the chemical bonds of?

ATP and NADPH

What adds a phosphate to ADP?

ATP synthase

The _________reactions of photosynthesis use ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to glucose molecules.

Carbon

The primary light-absorbing pigment molecules in leaves are called _____.

Chlorophyll

In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called _____,which contain thylakoid membranes embedded with the pigment chlorophyll.

Chloroplasts

Calvin cycle occurs in the ?

Chloroplasts stroma.

List on how life depends on photosynthesis?

Feeds photosynthesizers indirectly. Produces oxygen essential to many forms of life. Incorporates atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds Feeds heterotrophs indirectly.

***In the overall reaction of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water molecules are converted into oxygen gas and _____, which the plant uses for food.

Glucose

what organism has been found to live inside spotted salamander eggs and conduct photosynthesis

Green algae

___are organism that obtain carbon by consuming pre-existing organic molecules.

Heterotrophs

Select the two main groups of chemical reactions in photosynthesis.

Light and carbon reactions

Examples of C3 plants

Most trees, Peanuts Spinach

Plants, algae, and some microorganisms use energy from the sun to make organic molecules in a process called?

Photosynthesis

Within a photosystem , pigment molecules funnel photon energy to a pair of special chlorophyll a molecules called?

Reaction center.

***Plants conduct gas exchange in photosynthesis by bringing in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through openings called?

STOMATA

The opening in the epidermis of a leaf or stem for gas exchange called?

STOMATA

How two photosystems function in light reaction.

They function sequentially with photosystem II acting first.

The oxygen by product of photosynthesis is created by splitting of ___________molecules to replace the electrons ejected from the reaction center of photosystem II.

WATER

In plants, molecules called pigments are able to capture______for photosynthesis

light

During the photosynthetic light reactions, a cluster of pigments and proteins called ____________ uses light and ____________ and proteins of the photosynthetic electron transport chain to produce ____________ (a form of energy) and the by-product ____________ .

photosystem II, water, ATP, oxygen

PHOTORESPIRATION

A meatbolic pathway in which rubisco reacts with O2 instead of CO2 counteracting photosynthesis

What molecule produced by light reactions stores potential energy in the covalent bonds between its phosphate groups?

ATP

Distance of photons moving during a complete vibration

WAVELENGTH

In what organelle does photosynthesis occur? Where do the light reactions occur and where do the carbon reactions occur?

Chloroplasts Thylakoid membrane Stroma

Stroma: Grana (granum): Thylakoid: Photosystem: Reaction center:

Fluid inner region of the chloroplast 2. A stack of flattened thylakoid discs in chloroplasts 3. Disc like structure that makes up the inner membrane of a chloroplast 4.Cluster of pigment molecules and proteins in a chloroplasts thylakoid membrane 5. A molecule of chlorophyll a (and associated proteins) that participates in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

In the calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into ?

Glucose and other sugars NOTE: The Calvin cycle is the metabolic pathway that uses NADPH and ATP to assemble CO2 molecules into three-carbon carbohydrate molecules these products are eventually assembled into glucose and other sugars. (The pathway is named in honor of its discoverer, American biochemist Melvin Calvin.)

What benefits do microscopic green algae that live inside salamander eggs likely provide to the salamander embryos? Select all that apply.

Increased O2 levels and supply of sugars for photosynthesis.

Two membranes: Stroma: Thylakoids: Thylakoid space:

Surround each chloroplast 2. FLuid matrix within the chloroplast 3. Stacked within stroma and studded pigment molecules. 4. Volume enclosed by thylakoid membranes.

***TRUE OR FALSE: All life on earth depends directly or indirectly upon photosynthesis, except a few communities such as deep-ocean hydrothermal vent communities.

TRUE

Calvin cycle is called the what pathway?

The C3 pathway because the first stable compound produced is a 3 carbon molecule (PGA)

When pigments in photosystem II absorb light energy, _______are boosted to a higher energy level and passed to the electron transport chain that links the two photosystems

Two electrons or electrons

LIGHT REACTIONS CARBON REACTION LIGHT AND CARBON REACTIONS

Visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, use water, oxygen is a byproduct and produces ATP and NADPH 2.Use ATP and NADPH and produce glucose 3. Occur in chloroplast and metabolic pathway needed for photosynthesis to occur

***____use inorganic molecules to make organic compounds in processes called photosynthesis

Autotroph

What type of organism has the ability to make its own food?

Autotroph

In the light independent reactions of photosynthesis, the _____is a series of reactions in which the first stable compound formed is a 3-carbon molecule (PGA)

C3 pathway

What two pathways minimize photorespiration rate by ensuring rubisco always encounters high CO2 concentrations?

CAM pathway C4 pathway

A light-independent reaction during photosynthesis called the ____________ uses ATP, NADPH, and ____________ to produce ____________ .

Calvin cycle, CO2, PGAL

During what stage(s) of photosynthesis is glucose produced?

Carbon reactions

***A grouping of photosynthetic pigments and associated proteins is called a __________, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.

Photosystem

Also in the photosynthetic light reactions, a cluster of pigments and proteins called ____________ uses ____________ and the rest of the photosynthetic electron transport chain to produce ____________ .

Photosystem I, light, NADPH

Within the chloroplasts the gelatinous fluid containing DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes is called?

STROMA

The Calvin cycle cannot proceed without the molecules ____and ____ which are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis.

1. ATP 2. NADPH

In the light reactions, electrons boosted from photosystem II pass along the electron transport chain and are used to create a ____________ gradient, which is needed to produce ____________ by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Electrons boosted from photosystem I are used to reduce ____________ to ____________ , which carries the electrons to the Calvin cycle. In the first step of the Calvin cycle, the enzyme ____________ , which is present in all plants, adds ____________ to a five-carbon sugar. Then, using the energy and electrons from the light reactions, the three-carbon molecule ____________ is formed from PGA. Two phosphoglyceraldehyde molecules are combined to form one molecule of ____________ , which plants use to synthesize polysaccharides such as ____________ .

1. ATP and proton 2. NADP+ and NADPH 3. Rubisco and Carbon dioxide 4. PGAL 5. Glucose and starch

List of photosynthetic organisms.

1. Algae 2. plants 3. Some microbes 4. cyanobacteria

List photosystem I in order.

1. Antenna pigments capture a photon of light 2. Energy is passed to the electrons of the reaction center. 3. Two excited electrons are passed the second electron transport chain.

List events in order for C4 pathway

1. CO2 is combined with a three carbon molecule, forming the four carbon molecule called oxaloacetate 2. Oxaloacetate is usually reduced to malate 3. Malate moves to bundle- sheath cells away from O2-rich air spaces. 4. CO2 is liberated and then fixed again as it enters the calvin cycle

Reactant vs product?

1. Carbon dioxide and water 2. Oxygen and glucose

List CAM PATHWAY in order:

1. Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves with stomata are open at night. 2. Carbon dioxide is stored as malate in vacuoles within mesophyll cells 3. Malate is moved from the vacuoles to the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells and then carbon dioxide is released 4. Chloroplasts can then fix carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle , even when the stomata are closed during the day.

Characteristics of earths organisms?

1. Obtained glucose from their environment 2. Heterotrophs 3. Released CO2 into the environement

1. Ultraviolet radiation 2.Visible light 3. Infrared radiation

1. Photons are high energy and can damage DNA. 2. Photons provide energy for photosynthesis 3. Photons contain little energy , which is mostly converted to heat.

Antenna pigment: Mesophyll cell:

1. Photosynthetic pigment that passes photon energy to the reaction center of a photo system. 2. Leaf cell where photosynthesis occurs.

***** List in order ETC between photosystem II and photosystem I.

1. The elctron transport chain receives ***

List the adaptations that occur in C4 plants but not C3 plants?

1.Light and carbon reactions occur in separate cells. 2.They require less water to live. 3.ATP is used to move a three-carbon ferry molecule from bundle-sheath cells back to mesophyll cells 4. These plants function better in the hot, sunny environments.

List steps of the calvin cycle:

1.The enzyme rubisco combines carbon dioxide with RuBP to form a 6-carbon unstable molecule. 2. The 6-carbon molecule splits to form PGA. 3. PGA is converted into PGAL 4. Some PGAL is converted into glucose and other sugars, and some PGAL is converted back to RuBP

Photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, are called ____________ and are the basis for all ecosystems. Without the ____________ that photosynthesis produces, aerobic cellular respiration could not occur. Photosynthesis provides ____________ that plants can use for food or structural molecules. Organisms called ____________ , such as this deer, eat the plants to obtain food molecules.

1.autotrophs 2.oxygen 3.sugars 4.heterotrophs

In the carbon reactions, a total of ____________ ATP molecules are required to produce one molecule of phosophoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). That means a total of ____________ ATP molecules are required to produced the two molecules of PGAL needed to form one molecule of glucose. Assume that for every two photons of light striking photosystem II, one ATP molecule is produced at ATP synthase. Thus, about ____________ photons of light must strike photosystem II to produce one glucose molecule.

9 18 36

C4 pathway

A carbon fixation pathway in which CO2 combines with a 3-carbon molecule o form a four-carbon compound.

Electron transport chains release ______through shuttling of electrons in light reactions.

ENERGY

What are the names of the two stages of photosynthesis?

Light reactions and Carbon reactions

List of how atmospheric oxygen from photosynthesis affected the evolution of earths organisms.

More advanced organisms evolved which required high levels of oxygen. Organisms were able to conduct aerobic cellular respiration to extract more energy from food.

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids:

Most abundant pigment in plants, reflect green wavelengths of light. Blue-green , plants, algae, cyanobacteria 2. Accessory pigment that reflects green wavelengths of light. Yellow-green, Plants, green algae 3. Accessory pigment that reflect red, orange, and yellow wavelengths of light. Red, orange, yellow. Plants, algae, bacteria.

At the end of the electron transport chain of the light reactions, electrons reduce NADP+ and form

NADPH

What product of the light reactions carries pairs of electrons to be used in the carbon reactions?

NADPH

C3 plants are plants that?

Only use the C3 pathway to fix carbon

In the CAM pathway stomata are __________at night when water loss is less and are _______________during the day while maintaining a high concentration of CO2 in the chloroplasts

Open Closed

Chloroplasts

Organelle in plant cells housing the reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes.

***PHOTORESPIRATION C3 PATHWAY C4 PATHWAY PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Oxygen is used by the enzyme rubisco in an energetically wasteful reaction. 2. Carbon dioxide is used by the enzyme rubisco to produce PGA. 3. Carbon dioxide is used to produce oxaloacetate and the calvin cycle takes place in bundle sheath cell 4. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into a 4-carbon molecule at night, and calvin cycle takes place during the day in mesophyll cells.

Light consists of __________which are discrete packets of kinetic energy.

Photons

The enzyme rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP in a process called?

Photorespiration

What organisms conduct photosynthesis? Select all that apply.

Plants, Algae, and many bacterias

A____gradient is created across the thylakoid membrane using energy from electrons as they pass along the electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I.

Proton