CHAPTER 5: Carbohydrates

How can you estimate the grams of starch in the serving of a food?

Add total sugars and fiber, then subtract this total from total carbohydrate grams.

Which of the following is true about a high fiber intake?

Fiber tends to be "filling" resulting in a lower calorie intake.

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown

There are digestible and nondigestible forms of _____.

complex carbohydrates

A fasting blood glucose of 98 mg/dl _____.

is a normal blood sugar

Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the and in the

liver, muscle

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

maple syrup carrots

What is a major food source of lactose?

milk

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

monosaccharide

True or false: Obesity is linked to a diet high in refined carbohydrates.

true

Which of the following conditions can be linked to a high glycemic index diet?

type 2 diabetes

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

type 2 diabetes

If you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high- foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety.

fiber

For a grain to be classified as a whole grain it must contain the______.

fiber-rich bran seed oily germ starchy endosperm

Which foods are good to consume to increase your dietary fiber intake?

fresh fruit brown rice oatmeal

Which simple carbohydrate is the primary fuel for muscle cells?

glucose

is also known as dextrose or blood sugar.

glucose

While most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin?

mouth

The monosaccharide that serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures is

Glucose

What American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?

Native Americans Latino/Hispanic Americans African Americans

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

No, it is the natural source of Lactose

Both starch and glycogen contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together and are thus types of

Polysaccharides

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

extreme thirst blurred vision frequent urination

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

eyes kidneys heart

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

fructose

Red blood cells, the brain, and other nervous system cells use ______ as their primary fuel for energy.

glucose

(glycemic index x grams of carbohydrate)/100 = _____

glycemic load

Besides heart disease, which of the following are conditions that may result from long-term, uncontrolled blood glucose?

kidney failure blindness amputations

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of

lactose

What disaccharide can be found in certain animals products?

lactose

An excellent source of protein, many vitamins, calcium, and phosphorus is______.

milk and milk products

Simple carbohydrates include , which contain only one sugar unit, and , which are compounds of two sugar units.

monosaccharides Polysaccharides

When you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary component can be used to supply energy?

protein

The enzyme secreted in the mouth that begins the process of carbohydrate digestion is called

salivary,amylase

Which behavior is most likely to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

sedentary life style

Tooth decay is associated with______.

simple sugars that stick to the teeth

When non-nutritive sweeteners are examined, their sweetness is compared to

sucrose

Which carbohydrate are all other sweeteners benchmarked (compared) against?

sucrose

Where do we get most of our refined food sources of sucrose?

sugar cane sugar beets

Sugar alcohols are used in _____.

sugar-free gum diabetic candy breath mints

If someone has diverticulitis and the area becomes infected, what is the possible treatment?

surgery

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

to provide energy for the body

Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?

type 2 diabetic patients

Which of the following foods are rich in complex carbohydrates like starch and fiber?

vegetables brown rice

From the list of foods, choose the one with the least amount of fiber.

white bread

What is the Adequate Intake for dietary fiber for young women?

25 g/day

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories calories per gram?

fat

Soluble fiber improves heart health by binding to ________ in the GI tract.

bile components

Place the following foods in order of dietary fiber content, from highest to lowest.

black beans kellogg cereal potato almond

Which of the following is a source of unprocessed carbohydrates?

brown rice apple baked potato

What are some food sources of insoluble fiber?

brown rice whole wheat

Which of the following types of sweeteners provides calories to the diet?

brown sugar fructose nutritive

How is salivary amylase inactivated?

by stomach acids

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45-65%

If one serving of a food has 20 total grams of carbohydrate, 9 grams of total sugars and 2 grams of fiber, how many grams of starch are in the serving?

9 grams

Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category?

dairy

When sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, this results in tooth

decay

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Which of the following is another term for glucose?

dextrose

Diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following?

diabetes heart disease obesity

If blood glucose levels drop too low, a person can______.

die lose consciousness develop seizures

Soluble fibers______.

dissolve or swell in water are metabolized by intestinal bacteria

Which monosaccharide tastes the sweetest?

fructose

The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide for all cells.

fuel

The hormone secreted by the pancreas when your blood sugar is low and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is _____.

glucagon

Enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into

glucose

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together.

glucose

Women who experience gestational diabetes during pregnancy are more likely to______.

have a miscarriage have a stillbirth give birth prematurely

Women who had gestational diabetes during their pregnancy______.

have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later

The sweetening agent in sweetened beverages that is thought to contribute to obesity is______.

high fructose corn syrup

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

When an individual's blood sugar level becomes abnormally elevated, they are diagnosed as having

hyperglycemia

Symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called

hypoglycemia

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called______.

insoluble fiber

Which type of fiber is associated with increasing fecal bulk and increasing intestinal transit time?

insoluble fiber

In order to manage their blood glucose levels, type 1 diabetic patients always require

insulin

The hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering of blood sugar is

insulin

Type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to _____.

insulin resistance

Choose the correct descriptions of a whole grain.

intact, ground, cracked or flaked seeds of cereal grains must contain the starchy endosperm, oily germ, and fiber-rich bran examples include wheat, oats, corn, rice, rye, barley, and sorghum

Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

irritability shakiness

A diet high in processed foods _______ a very healthy diet.

isnt

The pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is

pancreatic, amylase

During low carbohydrate consumption which of the following will occur?

production of ketone bodies

In which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates occur?

small intestine

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

starch glycogen fiber

In what part of the GI tract is salivary amylase inactivated?

stomach

The final products of starch digestion are absorbed into______.

the intestinal bloodstream

What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

126 mg/dl

Sugar alcohols provide about _____ kcal/g.

2

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 g

True or false: A diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity.

True

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?

Choose whole grains Choose fiber-rich fruits Choose vegetables

The condition that occurs when bacteria and food particles become trapped in diverticula is called

Diverticulitis

What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?

Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can.

Which of the following is a form of starch?

amylopectin

Which of the following groups of polysaccharides are forms of starch?

amylose and amylopectin

Which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?

apples

What are some good carbohydrate food choices that are low in refined carbohydrates?

apples tomatoes milk

Which foods supply mostly refined carbohydrates?

candy donuts

Fiber is different than polysaccharides in that the bonds that hold the glucose in fiber together ______.

cannot be digested

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _____ be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

cant

List in order the body's preference for using nutrients for energy.

carbohydrate protein fats

An individual who cannot digest lactose, fructose, and/or other kinds of carbohydrates completely, suffers from a condition called _____.

carbohydrate intolerance

Glycemic Index x Grams of ) / 100 = Glycemic Load

carbohydrates

ketoacidosis

condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones

A condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketone bodies due to a low blood glucose is called

ketoacidosis

While the brain prefers glucose as its source of fuel, it can also use for energy.

ketone, bodies

Low-carbohydrate diets lead to a condition which can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and is called

ketosis

A person who is carbohydrate intolerant cannot digest _____ completely.

lactose fructose other kinds of carbohydrates

Where is glucose stored in the body?

liver

The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and______.

muscles

When a small amount of fiber is digested, where does this occur?

n the colon by bacteria

Which class of substances provides sweetness to foods and provides calories for the body?

nutritive sweeteners

Choose all of the following foods which are good sources of soluble fiber.

oat bran carrots beans

High fiber diets may lower your risk for _____.

obesity

Many children and teenagers are drinking an excess of sugared soft drinks and other sugar-containing beverages. This may have contributed to an increase in______.

obesity

Which of the following health conditions are linked to a very high sugar diet?

obesity