CHAPTER 5: Carbohydrates
How can you estimate the grams of starch in the serving of a food?
Add total sugars and fiber, then subtract this total from total carbohydrate grams.
Which of the following is true about a high fiber intake?
Fiber tends to be "filling" resulting in a lower calorie intake.
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown
There are digestible and nondigestible forms of _____.
complex carbohydrates
A fasting blood glucose of 98 mg/dl _____.
is a normal blood sugar
Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the and in the
liver, muscle
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
maple syrup carrots
What is a major food source of lactose?
milk
Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?
monosaccharide
True or false: Obesity is linked to a diet high in refined carbohydrates.
true
Which of the following conditions can be linked to a high glycemic index diet?
type 2 diabetes
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?
type 2 diabetes
If you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high- foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety.
fiber
For a grain to be classified as a whole grain it must contain the______.
fiber-rich bran seed oily germ starchy endosperm
Which foods are good to consume to increase your dietary fiber intake?
fresh fruit brown rice oatmeal
Which simple carbohydrate is the primary fuel for muscle cells?
glucose
is also known as dextrose or blood sugar.
glucose
While most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin?
mouth
The monosaccharide that serves as the basic unit of all carbohydrate structures is
Glucose
What American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?
Native Americans Latino/Hispanic Americans African Americans
Is milk a natural source of sucrose?
No, it is the natural source of Lactose
Both starch and glycogen contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together and are thus types of
Polysaccharides
Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?
extreme thirst blurred vision frequent urination
Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?
eyes kidneys heart
Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
fructose
Red blood cells, the brain, and other nervous system cells use ______ as their primary fuel for energy.
glucose
(glycemic index x grams of carbohydrate)/100 = _____
glycemic load
Besides heart disease, which of the following are conditions that may result from long-term, uncontrolled blood glucose?
kidney failure blindness amputations
Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of
lactose
What disaccharide can be found in certain animals products?
lactose
An excellent source of protein, many vitamins, calcium, and phosphorus is______.
milk and milk products
Simple carbohydrates include , which contain only one sugar unit, and , which are compounds of two sugar units.
monosaccharides Polysaccharides
When you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary component can be used to supply energy?
protein
The enzyme secreted in the mouth that begins the process of carbohydrate digestion is called
salivary,amylase
Which behavior is most likely to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
sedentary life style
Tooth decay is associated with______.
simple sugars that stick to the teeth
When non-nutritive sweeteners are examined, their sweetness is compared to
sucrose
Which carbohydrate are all other sweeteners benchmarked (compared) against?
sucrose
Where do we get most of our refined food sources of sucrose?
sugar cane sugar beets
Sugar alcohols are used in _____.
sugar-free gum diabetic candy breath mints
If someone has diverticulitis and the area becomes infected, what is the possible treatment?
surgery
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
to provide energy for the body
Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?
type 2 diabetic patients
Which of the following foods are rich in complex carbohydrates like starch and fiber?
vegetables brown rice
From the list of foods, choose the one with the least amount of fiber.
white bread
What is the Adequate Intake for dietary fiber for young women?
25 g/day
Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories calories per gram?
fat
Soluble fiber improves heart health by binding to ________ in the GI tract.
bile components
Place the following foods in order of dietary fiber content, from highest to lowest.
black beans kellogg cereal potato almond
Which of the following is a source of unprocessed carbohydrates?
brown rice apple baked potato
What are some food sources of insoluble fiber?
brown rice whole wheat
Which of the following types of sweeteners provides calories to the diet?
brown sugar fructose nutritive
How is salivary amylase inactivated?
by stomach acids
What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?
45-65%
If one serving of a food has 20 total grams of carbohydrate, 9 grams of total sugars and 2 grams of fiber, how many grams of starch are in the serving?
9 grams
Lactose-containing foods fall into which food category?
dairy
When sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, this results in tooth
decay
Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.
decreases
Which of the following is another term for glucose?
dextrose
Diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following?
diabetes heart disease obesity
If blood glucose levels drop too low, a person can______.
die lose consciousness develop seizures
Soluble fibers______.
dissolve or swell in water are metabolized by intestinal bacteria
Which monosaccharide tastes the sweetest?
fructose
The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide for all cells.
fuel
The hormone secreted by the pancreas when your blood sugar is low and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is _____.
glucagon
Enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into
glucose
Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together.
glucose
Women who experience gestational diabetes during pregnancy are more likely to______.
have a miscarriage have a stillbirth give birth prematurely
Women who had gestational diabetes during their pregnancy______.
have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later
The sweetening agent in sweetened beverages that is thought to contribute to obesity is______.
high fructose corn syrup
What is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
When an individual's blood sugar level becomes abnormally elevated, they are diagnosed as having
hyperglycemia
Symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called
hypoglycemia
Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called______.
insoluble fiber
Which type of fiber is associated with increasing fecal bulk and increasing intestinal transit time?
insoluble fiber
In order to manage their blood glucose levels, type 1 diabetic patients always require
insulin
The hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering of blood sugar is
insulin
Type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to _____.
insulin resistance
Choose the correct descriptions of a whole grain.
intact, ground, cracked or flaked seeds of cereal grains must contain the starchy endosperm, oily germ, and fiber-rich bran examples include wheat, oats, corn, rice, rye, barley, and sorghum
Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
irritability shakiness
A diet high in processed foods _______ a very healthy diet.
isnt
The pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is
pancreatic, amylase
During low carbohydrate consumption which of the following will occur?
production of ketone bodies
In which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates occur?
small intestine
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
starch glycogen fiber
In what part of the GI tract is salivary amylase inactivated?
stomach
The final products of starch digestion are absorbed into______.
the intestinal bloodstream
What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
126 mg/dl
Sugar alcohols provide about _____ kcal/g.
2
What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?
38 g
True or false: A diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity.
True
True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.
True
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?
Choose whole grains Choose fiber-rich fruits Choose vegetables
The condition that occurs when bacteria and food particles become trapped in diverticula is called
Diverticulitis
What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?
Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can.
Which of the following is a form of starch?
amylopectin
Which of the following groups of polysaccharides are forms of starch?
amylose and amylopectin
Which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?
apples
What are some good carbohydrate food choices that are low in refined carbohydrates?
apples tomatoes milk
Which foods supply mostly refined carbohydrates?
candy donuts
Fiber is different than polysaccharides in that the bonds that hold the glucose in fiber together ______.
cannot be digested
The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _____ be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.
cant
List in order the body's preference for using nutrients for energy.
carbohydrate protein fats
An individual who cannot digest lactose, fructose, and/or other kinds of carbohydrates completely, suffers from a condition called _____.
carbohydrate intolerance
Glycemic Index x Grams of ) / 100 = Glycemic Load
carbohydrates
ketoacidosis
condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketones
A condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketone bodies due to a low blood glucose is called
ketoacidosis
While the brain prefers glucose as its source of fuel, it can also use for energy.
ketone, bodies
Low-carbohydrate diets lead to a condition which can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and is called
ketosis
A person who is carbohydrate intolerant cannot digest _____ completely.
lactose fructose other kinds of carbohydrates
Where is glucose stored in the body?
liver
The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and______.
muscles
When a small amount of fiber is digested, where does this occur?
n the colon by bacteria
Which class of substances provides sweetness to foods and provides calories for the body?
nutritive sweeteners
Choose all of the following foods which are good sources of soluble fiber.
oat bran carrots beans
High fiber diets may lower your risk for _____.
obesity
Many children and teenagers are drinking an excess of sugared soft drinks and other sugar-containing beverages. This may have contributed to an increase in______.
obesity
Which of the following health conditions are linked to a very high sugar diet?
obesity