Chapter 5 Greek Art

Greek Art

Divided into different periods Orientalizing Archaic Classical Late Classical Hellenistic

Mycenaean Culture

This culture arose and replaced the Minoans.They were war like and warmongering compared to the minoans

Kore (maiden)

an archaic Greek statue of a young woman, standing and clothed in long loose robes. made of limestone

Similarities between the two

Both are rigidly frontal Can stand on their own Have ornamental like wigs Large staring eyes *Public nudity acceptable for males but not females.

Nike of Samothrace

It is a Hellenistic sculpture: the symbol of winged victory 190 BCE Marble

What was the Aegean form of early language?

Linear A and B

Man and Centaur

Many figures such as this have been found in mass quantities. -Were given as offerings -Images of man and centaur often symbolize the inner struggle between man and nature - geometric

City States were governed in different ways

Monarchy: sole ruler Aristocracy: rule of the best Tyranny: king Oligarchy: rule of the few (small ruling elite) Democracy: rule of the people.

Fresco Art

Painting on a freshly-laid or wet lime plaster that allows paint to merge with the plaster so that the painting is set in the wall.

Helladic

Period characterizing the culture of mainland ancient Greece during the Bronze Age. complements parallel periods listed above (Cycladic and Minoan). It is a relative dating system and relies heavily on pottery.

The Erechtion

Second larger ionic temple alongside the parthenon the one athena and poseidon fought over she brought up an olive tree and she was eventually chosen over poseidon

Megaron

The large reception hall and throne room in a Mycenaean palace, fronted by an open, two-columned porch.

Kritios Boy

The marble Kritios Boy or Kritian Boy belongs to the Early Classical period of ancient Greek sculpture. 46 inches one leg forward like others before it sculpture has shifted the youth`s weight creating asymmetry He is in a reversed S-curve he stands at ease in chiastic pose

Minoan Art

focused on movement and expression, unique among the ancient world, fresco paintings- palace rituals and largest art form, sea motifs on vases, sculptures were small scale, lots of colors, geometric patterns

Relieving Triangle

in Mycenaean architecture, the triangular opening above the lintel that serves to lighten the weight to be carried by the lintel itself

Head of Herakles or Telephos

in temple of athena 12 inches

Diskobolos (Discus Thrower)

made by Myron Made of Bronze Only known to use because of the Roman copy Suggests impending motion in a single pose through a violet twist of the torso that brings the arms into the same plane as the legs. Coiled figure in perfect balance

Death Masks

masks made of hammered gold, covering the faces of dead males. (Example: the mask of Agamemnon)

Toreador Fresco

ritual showing two women and man jumping over bull, grabbing horns, males have darker skin, floating quality, sweeping curves. Perhaps depicts an athletic feat there was a tremendous attention to detail. 24 inches tall

Flutes

shallow vertical grooves on a shaft

Aryballos

A perfume jar, generally small in size, and often minutely decorated.

Hexastyle

6 columns

Ennaestyle

9 columns

Pyxis

(box with lid) a small cylinder-shaped container with a detachable lid used to contain cosmetics or jewelry refer to powerpoint slide 6

Citadels

(n.) a fortress that overlooks and protects a city; any strong or commanding place Mycenae was centered around citadels or palaces. In some of them they found clay tablets that inscribed an early form of language we call Linear B Mycenaean: Linear B Minoans: Linear A

Zeus

(not entirely sure if its Zeus or Poseidon) Made of Bronze (cant tell if hes shooting a thunder bolt or has a trident)

Mycenaean Art

- Contains a lot of war imagery such as chariots, swords, armies, and battles - Also contains images of bulls, showing Minoan influence

Chiton

A Greek tunic, the essential (and often only) garment of both men and women, the other being the himation, or mantle.

The Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

Heraldic Pose

A pose where two figures are mirror images of one another, sometimes flanking in a central object, as in the relieving triangle above the Lioness Gate at Mycenae.

Volute

A spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the ancient Greek Ionic

Abacus

A square tablet

Triangles in art

A triangle is a common symbol of femininity and of female sexuality

Rhyton

A vessel in the shape of a figure or an animal, used for drinking or pouring liquids on special occasions.

Kylix

An ancient Greek shallow drinking cup with two handles and a stem.

Hermes of Praxiteles

Awkwardly in Temple of Hera. Hera and Hermes do not get along A roman copy of the original that was cast in bronze

The Temple of Hera I

Culture/Period: Greek, Archaic Period Location: Paestrum, Italy Date: 540 BC - made in doric order - temple was a house for just one God(dess) - cult statues personified the God - alter usually outside, temple was backdrop to offerings

Temple of Apollo at Didyma

Culture: Hellenistic Greece Visual: Open to the sky (hypaethral) and featured dipteral (double peripteral) colonnade framing an interior courtyard with a smaller shrine to apollo. theatrical. Function:Temple

Aegean art is divided into what 3 categories/Societies?

Cycladic Minoan Helladic

Ionic Columns

Design is famous for its scroll capital; taller, thinner & fluted shaft; a base of stacked discs. The scrolls are called volute

The Queens Megaron

FRESCO Blue and yellow dolphins swim against a blue streaked cream background with small fish. Such lively representations of nature occur frequently in Minoan Art in a variety of mediums and the many images of sea creatures probably reflect the minoans keen awareness and respect for the sea.

Doric Column Structure

Flutes: shallow vertical grooves on a shaft Echinus: a rounded molding below an abacus on a Doric or Ionic capital Abacus: Square tablet Entablature: a horizontal part in classical architecture that rests on the columns and consists of architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

Form: -marble (Roman); bronze (Greek) -contrapposto: shifted weight -not meant to portray a specific person but rather specific characteristics of a Greek Function: -portray the physical perfection of a human figure Content: -everyone is imperfect but brings together different body proportions to make physical -missing its spear -athlete and warrior -gazes off in the distance Context: -Artist= Polykleitos of Argos in 450 BCE -Roman copy of the Greek original

Polis

city state!

Kouros (youth)

Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth. Like Menakure he is slim and broad shoulder and stands with his left leg forward and his arms by his sides in clenched fists. Stylized wigs like the egyptians. UNLIKE MENAKURE THE MALE YOUTH IS NUDE

Cunei

In ancient Greek theaters, wedge-shaped sections of stone benches separated by stairs.

Black figure painting

In early Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a light background, using slip

Red figure painting

In later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details; the reverse of black-figure painting. (on the right)

The greeks thought of life through two terms

Order (Cosmos in greek) Disorder (Chaos in greek)

Griffin-head protome

Orientalizing period from a bronze cauldron cast bronze

Aphrodite of Knidos

Praxiteles. Roman marble copy after an original of ca. 350-340 BCE. Approx. 6' 8" high. Vatican Museums, Rome. First nude statue of a goddess. praxiteles turns marble into "flesh" late classical. Not meant to be erotic Considered ideal for the time.

Minoan

Society located on the island of Crete that influenced the early Mycenaeans. Where the palace of knossos originates.

Cyclopean Walls

Some walls of the cities in Mycenae were consisting of misshapen massive blocks of limestone these walls are called cyclopean

Greek Orders

The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles

Palace of Knossos

The Minoans greatest palace - They used light wells and window placement to somehow control light . They had irrigation systems and they were the first to use cobble stone pavements -Legend has it that King Minos built the city in a labrynth to keep a Minotaur that was the offspring of his unfaithful wife with a bull. - Used cedar wood pillars

Cycladic Art

The art of the Cycladic Islands in the Aegean sea; so called because the islands circle the island Delos.

Metopes

The carved or painted rectangular panel between the triglyphs of a Doric frieze

Geison

The part of the entablature that projects outward from the top of the frieze in the Doric order and from the top of the frieze course of the Ionic and Corinthian orders; it forms the outer edge of the roof on the sides of a structure with a sloped roof.

Cavea

The seating area in ancient Greek and Roman theaters and amphitheaters.

Archaic Smile

The smile that appears on all Archaic Greek statues from about 570 to 480 BCE. The smile is the Archaic sculptor's way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.

Foreshortening

The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight.

"Frying Pans"

These figures were found near graves and one can assume they may have been used as grave markers or palettes. No real evidence for what they were used for

Female Cycladic Figures

These figures were made of marble and they were found on all cycladic islands. They vary in size and were an abstracted version of human form. They were similar to the venus in the way that they were not meant to be standing figures. They were originally painted and they were not meant to be portraits. They`re NOT exaggerated like the venus. Artist seems more interested in uniformity or geometric symmetry

Cella or Naos

This is the central room in a Greek temple. Is often surrounded by a row of columns. Housed the god pronaos: porch

Corinthian

This style of column has elongated capitals that are decorated with leaves.

Male Cycladic Figures

Unlike the female ones, these figures were always alot fuller and thicker, way less angular than the femiale ones and usually they were always in the act of doing something, most of the time it would be music related. They were also made of marble

Minoan Pottery

Utilized outdoor motifs like flora, fauna, nautical themes, birds, etc. - Minoan painted pottery was inspired by the natural world. they painted their vessels sensitively and manufactured pottery on the wheel, allowing for different sizes and rounded forms. They used large and rough vessels for storage while the inhabitants of the finest wares that were often thin walled. Exportation of these items created one of the first major international industries.

Dipteral

a double row of columns

Carytid

a female figure that functions as a supporting column

Entablature

a horizontal part in classical architecture that rests on the columns and consists of architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Architrave

a main beam resting across the tops of columns, specifically the lower third entablature.

Synoptic Narrative

a narrative with different moments presented simultaneously, in order to encapsulate the entire story in a single scene. the device appears in early Greek pediment sculpture

chiastic pose

a pose where the model subject's weight is resting on one leg in an S shape

Heroon

a shrine dedicated to an ancient Greek or Roman hero and used for the commemoration or cult worship of the hero

Triglyphs

a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes

Corbel Vaults

a vault made by projecting courses of stone

Vaphio Cups

are completely Mycenaean, replete with renditions of roped bulls struggling against the heel of highly stylized, muscular herders. Showed the influences of the Minoans (eg. bulls)

ornamental motifs

at first they used triangles and checkerboard patterns but then they shifted to more ornamental motifs

Hydria

black figured water jar eg. ajax

Riace Warrior A

c. 460-50 BCE "Contrapasto" : stance, all the weight on one leg, hips shifted/shoulders -This gives a counter balance -More natural and less rigid However this actual is better than what the natural body looks like, which returns to a theme of idealizing. --> Tension b/w naturalism and realism -Bronze not marble, this figure would rather have classical bronze over marble for free standing figures -Many do not exist because of Roman sacking of statues and melting of bronze down for different use -Some statues survived and were found in the sea

The Temple of Artemis, Corfu

c. 600-580 B.C.E. Made completely out of limestone (does not survive). Sculpture shows Medusa, Pegasus and a small man.

Octastyle

eight columns in front or rear of a Greek temple.

symposium

exclusive drinking party that was a central feature of Greek life

The Snake Goddess

from the palace at Knossos, Crete, Minoan, ca. 1600 BCE, Faience. This figurine may represent a priestess, but more likely a bare-breasted goddess. The snakes and feline imply that she has power over the animal world. Done with the process of Faience. Perhaps represents the female form and way of dress for the time period. was 11 inches tall (almost a foot)

Geometric Style Pottery

go to powerpoint slide 4

chrys-elephantine

gold and ivory on a wooden armature

Cycladic

has roots in the neolithic age we know the least about this period oldest period

The Ajax Painter

is done on an aryballos Depicts Achilles and Ajax playing a game using black figure painting

Apollo

is the god of music and poetry

Agora

the marketplace in ancient Greece

Pediment

the triangular top refer to book picture page 110

Spatial Perspective

they way geographers look at everything-- in relation to space