Chapter 5: Learning

Match the schedule of partial reinforcement to the correct description.

- ratio schedule = relies on the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to the reward - interval schedule = based on the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded - fixed schedule = the number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass before the reward is always the same - variable schedule = the required number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass before the reward is unpredictable from the perspective of the learner

Pavlov's study

1. got dogs to salivate (unconditioned response) when presented with meat (powder) (unconditioned stimulus) 2. paired delivery of meat (powder) to dogs with a tone (neutral stimulus) on repeated occasions 3. Tone became a conditioned stimulus and began to make the dog salivate when no meat was presented (conditioned response) Result: dog learned to associate the tone with being fed meat, so began to salivate at the tone = classical conditioning

_____ involves the initial learning of the link between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

Which of the following describes spontaneous recovery?

An extinguished conditioned response reemerges.

___ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

Counterconditioning

Stimulus generalization occurs when one responds only to the original conditioned stimulus.

False

4 basic processes of learning

Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

Which of the following illustrates a variable-ratio schedule?

Sam is reinforced every two to five times he puts his toys away.

Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

Stimulus discrimination

Habituation

a decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus - simplest form of learning - occurs in most species - adaptive function

What is operant conditioning?

a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

What is insight learning?

a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

What is the definition of learning?

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

In _____, the rewards and punishers that exist in a particular setting are carefully analyzed and manipulated to change behaviors.

applied behavior analysis

the form of ___ learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning

associative

After receiving her first low grade on a geography exam, Dora changed her study habits so that she would never score below an 80 again. Dora's change in behavior illustrates ___ learning

avoidance

To prevent a headache, Micah takes their medication as soon as they feel pressure near their eyes. This is an example of

avoidance learning

Applied behavior analysis, or Blank______ modification, is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

behavior

___ modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.

behavior

The form of associative learning in which organisms learn the association between two stimuli and then, as a result, learn to anticipate events is called ___ conditioning.

classical

is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

classical conditioning

Every day, when Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage. His dog, Sparky, hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes through the garage door. Now, when Sparky hears the garage door open, Sparky runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie. This is an example of

classical conditioning.

Learning involves observable behaviors; however, it also involves _____ factors, which involve understanding the thoughts of the learners.

cognitive

Although latent learning is unreinforced, it is stored _____ in the observer's memories.

cognitively

In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time. In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.

continuous; partial

In ______, the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response is changed.

counterconditioning

A 6-year-old from a rural community may watch their parents weave complex patterns in fabric and begin to develop this skill, whereas a 6-year-old growing up in a big city may observe their parents navigating the complex subway system and begin to become familiar with it. These two examples reflect the ___ influences of the learning process.

cultural

While a child growing up in Chicago is unlikely to be skilled at tracking animals, they likely know about taking baths and eating with a knife and fork. This helps illustrate Blank______ influences in learning.

cultural

Putting off the pleasure of an immediate reward in order to gain a valuable reward later is called

delay of gratification

Choosing to not go out on Saturday nights with friends and instead spend the time studying in order to get into a top professional school is an example of

delayed reinforcement

Tim has decided not to go out this weekend to party with his friends but to save his money and go on vacation with his girlfriend over the winter break. Tim's actions are an example of which of the following?

delayed reinforcement

In operant conditioning, responding appropriately to stimuli that signal a behavior will or will not be reinforced is called

discrimination

When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This demonstrates the concept of

discrimination

In Seligman's studies of learned helplessness,

dogs that had received inescapable shocks later failed to escape those shocks when given the chance.

Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.

exhibited

In operant conditioning, the reduced frequency of behavior when it is no longer reinforced is known as

extinction

Ling used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to

extinction

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, ___ has occurred.

extinction

A ___ -interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.

fixed

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a _____ schedule.

fixed- interval

A _____ schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

fixed- ratio

In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is known as

generalization

In operant conditioning, ___ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

Joan was bitten by a chihuahua when she was 5 years old. As a result, she is now afraid of all dogs, no matter the breed. What is this an example of?

generalization

Reinforcement is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior ___ the probability that the behavior will be repeated. The consequences of the behavior can be either positive or negative.

increases

Primary reinforcers are _____, whereas secondary reinforcers are learned.

innate

____ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.

insight

Among the biological influences on learning, ___ drift is the tendency of animals to revert to natural behaviors that interfere with learning.

instinctive

Animals can be taught many behaviors using operant conditioning principles. Sometimes, though, a biological predisposition causes an animal to revert to certain behaviors and not be able to learn new ones. This is referred to as

instinctive drift.

The term used to denote learning that is not reinforced and is not reflective immediately in behavior is ___ learning.

latent

Unreinforced learning that is stored cognitively in an individual's memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.

latent

The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?

law of effect

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are

learned

In __ , the organism has learned that it has no control over negative outcomes.

learned helplessness

_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

learning

Which of the following refers to the idea that people differ in terms of the method of instruction that will be most effective for them?

learning style

Associative learning

making a connection between events (classical and operant conditioning are both types of associative learning)

Observational learning is learning that occurs when we

model others

The imitation of behaviors performed by others is called

modeling

Which of the following is likely to be a conditioned (secondary) reinforcer?

money

Which two of the following are secondary reinforcers?

money praise

Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

Tyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of ___ reinforcement. Leon puts on his seat belt because he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of ___ reinforcement.

negative; positive

___ reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior, whereas ___ reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.

negative; positive

In cases of learned helplessness, an organism has learned through experience that negative outcomes are

not controllable

___ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

operant

A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study

operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.

Winning on a slot machine would be considered ___ reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.

partial

What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?

performing a behavior to receive food

___ reinforcement is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

positive

Positive reinforcement occurs when something that an individual wants is _____ in an effort to increase a behavior.

presented to that individual

Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered

punishment

Which of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?

ratio-interval

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous

recovery

Punishment is a consequence that

reduces the frequency of a behavior.

An unlearned stimulus-response connection, such as blinking when air is blown into someone's eyes, is considered a(n)

reflex

Earning a top grade in a course is an example of a secondary

reinforcement

Every time the family dog sits on command, she receives a treat. The treat would be considered

reinforcement

Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative

reinforcement

Learning

relatively permanent change in behavior or capabilities, based on experience

___ of reinforcement are specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

schedule

The term for a reinforcer that gains its positive value through one's experience is _____ reinforcer.

secondary

Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers?

sex food water

When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is called

shaping

Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?

shaping

A bird learns to peck a red disk and not to peck a green disk. This would be an example of

stimulus discrimination

In classical conditioning, the sight of a food dish would be considered a(n) _____, and the dog's salivation would be considered a(n) _____.

stimulus; response

Every time second-grader Prisha raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Prisha's participation. This is an example of

the law of effect

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when

the unconditioned stimulus is absent

A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

true

Acquisition in classical conditioning is the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

true

There is no evidence that learning styles matter to learning.

true

classical conditioning

type of learning where an organism learns to associate two stimuli; such that one stimulus comes to elicit a response that originally was elicited by the other stimulus (a basic form of learning)

A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

A slot machine that on average gives a reward after a certain number of plays but on an unpredictable basis is an example of a _____ reward schedule.

variable- ratio