chapter 5 Lipids
Dietary percent for fats
20-35%
Risk for CVD is high when the total cholesterol is over mg/dl
200
What are the two most synthetic antiO in foods?
BHA BHT
What are some components of plaque
Ca, WBC, cholesterol
Fatty acid
Chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and a methyl group on the other end
What fat is similar to unsaturated fatty acids are similar to saturated fatty acids with regard to shape and functions
Trans
What are some examples of AntiO additives used to protect foods against rancidity
Vit C E BHA BHT
is a type of liquid that is only found in animals
cholesterol
What elements are true about sterols?
cholesterol is a common example, produced by the body, contain a multi ring structure
What happens to the products of chylomicron metabolism? Glycerol
circulates back to the liver
Food sources that contain cholesterol
ice cream chicken eggs
What are some deficiency symptoms experiences of essential fatty acids?
impaired wound healing growth restriction flaky/itchy skin
Choose the functions of phospholipids
important for the proper function of the nervous system unique ability to be soluble in water and fat participates in fat digestion by working as an emulsifier
What are foam cells?
lipid-filled macrophages
Some margarine spreads that contain plant sterols may
lower blood cholesterol
What happens to food produces when it becomes hydrogenated?
molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats trans fatty acids content is increased
what kind of fatty acids are liquid and room temp
mono and poly unsaturated fats
What are the products of fat digestion in the SI?
monoglycerides and fatty acids
Linoleic acid AKA
omega 6
Monoun fatty acid
one carbon double bond
What statement are true about a monoglyceride?
one of the products of digestion of triG consists of one fatty acid bonded to a glycerol backbone
Enzymes that digest fat are secreted by the
pancreas salivary glands stomach cells
This listed ingredient indicates a present of trans fat
partially hydrogenated oils
What are some good food coursed of phospholpids?
peanuts soy beans organ meats
What is important for fat digestion because they try to help emulsify lipids in chyme
phospholipids
Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the blood stream?
picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion
Phytosterols are plant chemicals that can reduce blood cholesterol, they can be found in
pill form pistachios and sunflower seeds specialty margarines and salad dressings
Choose the following statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols
plant sterols have blood cholesterol lowering properties and are similar to cholesterol
Fat replacements?
proteins, gums, starch derivatives
Phytosterols are plant chemicals that
reduce cholesterol absorption in the SI
Some health benefits of omega 3 fatty acids
reduce inflammation and risk of heart disease decreased blood triG levels
Antioxidant may be helpful for preventing CVD disease because they
reduce the oxidation of LDL
Match the health effect associated with consumption of each fatty acid? omega 3 fatty acids
reduces inflammation response, blood clotting and triglycerides
Long chain fatty acids
reform into a triG in the intestinal absorptive cell and travel through the lymphatic system
What happens to the products of chylomicron metabolism? Chylomicron remnant
removed from circulation b the liver and recycled to make other lipoprotein and bile acids
AHA recommends consuming 2 or more serving of fatty fish each week because fish
rich source of omega 3 protein provides trace elements that may provide protective effects for the CV system
What is added to reduce fat foot to compensate for the loss of taste and texture when fat is removed?
salt and sugar
butter is solid at room temp, contain mostly
saturated fatty acids
What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated trans fat?
stick margarine french fries shortening
Three fish species high in mercury
swordfish shark king mackerel
Which of the following are function of cholesterol?
synthesis of certain hormones, bile acids, incorporation into cell structure
Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?
the keep mixtures of fat and water from separating
What are some examples of food that are cholesterol free?
vegetable shortening, margarine, vegetable oil, peanut butter
Choose food sources of alpha-linolenic acid the essential omega 3 fatty acid
walnuts flax seeds
Choose characteristics of the LDL
carries primarily cholesterol linked to CVD transports cholesterol to the tissues
Cis fatty acids
causes the carbon chain to bend
How does food you eat affect your blood lipoproteins?
dietary cholesterol does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in blood Eating saturated fats and trans fat raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL
Function of phospholipids
digestion of fats, formation of cell membranes absorption and transport of nutrients
Typical signs of a heart attack in women include
dizziness, nausea and vomiting, jaw neck and shoulder pain
major function of phospholipids
emulsifier
Why are triG ideal for fat storage?
energy dense they are chemically stable
Food source of long chain saturated fat
fat in meat
Some high fat foods should be in your diet because they are sources of
fat soluble vitamins essential fatty acids
Long chain fatty acid is defined as
fatty acid that contain 12 or more carbon atoms in length
If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider
changes in the texture of the food produce changes in the flavor of the food product
Primary component of LDL
cholesterol
Saturated Fatty Acid
contains no carbon double bond
What is the chemical structure of an omega 3 fatty acid
contains the first double carbon bone on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain
Function of HDL
contributes to cholesterol removal from the body and excretion from the body
What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?
corn and soybean oil
Food source of polyunsaturated fats
corn, fish, sunflower, and safflower oil
List steps of Atherosclerosis?
damage occurs in blood vessels plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage Arteries harden and narrow clot or spasm in a clogged artery leads to heart attack
AHA recommends using plant oils than animal fats in food to
decreased saturated fat intake
Match the health effect associated with consumption of each fatty acid? Polyunsaturated fatty acids
decreases blood level of cholesterol
How does nicotinic acids lower TriG
decreasing TriG production in the liver
What foods are highly susceptible to rancidity?
fatty fish deep fried high fat foods with large surface area
Oleic acid structure
first double carbon bond is at the ninth carbon from the methyl group
Linoleic acid structure
first double carbon bond is at the sixth carbon from the methyl group
Alpha Linolenic acid
first double carbon bond is at the third carbon from the methyl group
by products of phospholipids digestion
glycerol flatty acids phosphorus compounds
What are the structural components of a triG
glycerol backbone three attacked fatty acids
What are the components of a phospholipids molecules?
glycerol backbone and phosphorous containing molecule
Phospholipid
glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at lease one phosphorus containing group
TriG
glycerol backbone with three fatty acids
What are some examples of foods low in trans fat, cholesterol, saturated fats and high in mono and poly unsaturated fats ?
grilled skinless chicken salmon and walnuts
Food source of monounsaturated fats
olive, canola, peanut oil
alpha-liolenic acid
omega 3
EPA and DHA are
omega 3's
In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses a reaction, the compound has been
oxidized
Majority of fat digestion is accomplished by
pancreatic lipase
Primary component of HDL
protein
Current cholesterol lowering medication act to
reduced cholesterol synthesis of the liver bind to cholesterol in the GI tract
How does fat influence the enjoyment of foods?
some flavor compounds dissolve in fat fat imparts a rich, creamy texture in foods
What are some good food sources of phospholipids?
soy beans peanuts organ meats
What would you recommended to a heart patient?
whole grains walnuts baked sweet potatoes salmon, tuna, mackerel
Do phospholipids contain fatty acids within their molecular structure
yes
choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body
cholesterol
Choose the correct statement about how the food you eat affects your blood lipoproteins
Eating saturated fats and trans fat raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL Dietary cholesterol does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood
Place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur,
Glycerol, mono and fatt acids are absorbed from the lumen of the SI into SI cells triG are reassembled triG are packaged into chylomicrons Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
Two ways to cause reversal of atherosclerosis
LDL lowering medicine, vegan diet and lifestyle changes
Considering their health effects, trans fatty acids are most similar to
Saturated fatty acids
What happens to the products of chylomicron metabolism? Fatty acids
absorbed by the cells and used for fuel or reformed into triG for storage
Trans fatty acids
allows the carbon chia to remain straighter
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
alpha-linolenic acid linoleic acid
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the blood steam
as part of lipoproteins
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
balloon catheter into an artery to crush a lesion
CLA appears in food such as
beef, milk, butter
This acts to emulsify fat in the SI, suspending them in digestive juices to enhance the action of digestive enzymes
bile acids
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triG in the
blood vessels
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides in the
blood vessels
In what way are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids are similar?
both have a straight
Which statements are true about a diglyceride?
breakdown product of triglyceride consists of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone
What foods are high in fat
butter, mayo, salad oils, margarine
trans fatty acids
byproduct of hydrogenation of vegetable oils, similar to sat fatty acids in structure and physiological effects
What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?
canola oil peanut and olive oil
Function of LDL
carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells
Functions of Chylomicron
carries dietary fat from the SI to cells
Function of VLDL
carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells
What foods are high in saturated fatty acids?
cheeseburger butter coconut oil
Choose food sources of linoleic acid
nuts, seeds, sunflower, safflower oil
Match the health effect associated with consumption of each fatty acid? Saturated fatty acids
increases blood levels of cholesterol
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triG in the body
insulation energy storage transport of fat soluble vitamins
Major Functions of fatty acids and triG in the body
insulation transport of fat soluble vitamins energy storage
Coronary artery bypass graft
involves the removal of a vein to replace or bypass a blocked artery
Which of the following food has a presence of fat?
lard, yolks, cream, shortening
How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
length of carbon skeleton position of carbon double bonds number of carbon double bonds along the skeleton position of carbon double bonds along the skeleton
What are some ways to minimize trans fat intake?
limit consumption of cookies, pastries, fried foods
Which gastric enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on triG that have fatty acids with short chain lengths
lipase
Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the SI under what right circumstances?
lipase brakes down triG down to monoglycerides and free fatty acid Bile is released from the gallbladder
Place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur
lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach begin digesting short chain fatty acids bile emulsifies with fat pancreatic lipase digests long chain TriG are broken down and absorbed in the SI
What enzymes breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the blood stream?
lipoprotein lipase
What transports lipids from the SI and liver to body tissues
lipoproteins
When fat content has been reduces, what may not be substantially reduced
more sugar has been added
What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common?
mostly in the form of TriG
Sterol
multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group
Choose true statements about avocados
they can be substituted for butter rich in monounsaturated fatty acids
Why partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid?
they have fewer double bonds
Structural components of a triG
three attached fatty acids glycerol backbone
What kind of fat should be less than 1% in diet?
trans
To reduce risk of CVD, limit
trans and sat fatty acids
What leads to raising level of cholesterol in blood?
trans and saturated fat
High levels of HDL in the blood tend to slow the development of CVD because HDL
transport cholesterol from the blood stream to the liver for excretion
Short chain and medium chain fatty acids
travel as a water soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver
Megadoses of nicotinic acids, can lower
triG
These are the major form of lipids in food and in the human body
triG
in the SI, lipase breaks down this to produce a mixture of fatty acids, glycerol and monoglycerides
triG
Primary component of chylomicron
triglyceride
What are some examples of food that contain cholesterol
turkey eggs lean ground beef
Polyun fatty acid
two or more carbon double bond
fatty acids containing carbon double bonds are considered as what fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids
Which statements are true about omega 6 fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids, first carbon double bond is on the 6th carbon from the methyl end of carbon chain
A recipe may have been adjusted when substituting reduce fat margarines for regular margarine because of the extra what in the reduced fat margarine
water
