chapter 5

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If an individual is planning to modify their behavior within the next month, they would be categorized in the:

Preparation stage

_______________ refers to the number of new cases of a disease or health condition that exists at some point in time.

Prevalence

The principles of a social marketing approach are typically summarized as the "four Ps." All of the following are correct examples of the four Ps except?

Prevention

There is no cure for HIV which is a crisis filled with ambiguity and controversy, precisely because its epidemiology. Therefore a huge burden is placed on

Prevention

The most effective strategy to greatly reduce the costs associated with major health problems in the US is by:

Prevention efforts such as Public health Promotion

Ecological models integrate various influences on health behavior including all except:

structural

All of the following are incorrect ways in which anthropology seeks to understand behavior EXCEPT_

Behavior adaptation of any species.

Stage theories are based on the idea that:

Behavior change involves passing through distinct stages

Why are there many behavior theories and more are being created or revised?

Behavior is complex and is ever evolving

According to the American Heart Association, if obesity trends in most affected states continue with a prevalence rate of over 25% continues, the total healthcare costs attributable to obesity could reach ___________ of all US healthcare expenditures.

16 - 18%

What is the (average) life expectancy in the US?

78

Which of the following is the best definition of theory?

A description of hypothesized relationships.

Which is the correct definition of the epidemiologic transition?

A shift over time in the causes of disease

The theorist who articulated that a hierarchy of needs means people must satisfy the basic needs first before seeking higher level things ( thus from basic physiological -emotional-social) was:

Abraham Maslow

All of the following are correct key processes in the dissemination of an innovation to a social group, as conceptualized in DOI theory except?

Acknowledgment

If an individual has made specific modification to his/her behavior in the past six months, s/he would be categorized in the:

Action stage

What was developed to assist the UNICEF in identifying what factors to consider in order to monitor adolescent progress from a positive perspective, without focusing solely on negative outcomes as described in the text?

Adolescent Well-Being Framework

According to data from the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2008-2009, more than two thirds of _______ in the United States are at risk or are overweight or obese:

Adults

New information affects behavior by influencing what a person:

All of the above

TRA attitudes about the object and the behavior of physical activity are not always consistent because a person can:

All of the above

What causes an epidemiologic transition?

All of the above

Which is an example of a subjective norm?

All of the above

Which of the following is characteristic of attitudes?

All of the above

Assessing an individual's stage helps identify:

Appropriate strategies or educational needs for behavior change

Select the best choice below that provides the correct order of steps that must be taken when developing a program or adapting an existing one.

Assessment of the problem; Formative research; Ongoing evaluation/assessment

In the IMB model, motivation is defined as

Attitudes

The following is key to social network theory as an explanation of behavior except?

Attitudes

Who was responsible for really institutionalizing predictability as a goal for the social or human sciences?

Auguste Comte

Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio‐ecological approach?

Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domains

Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio‐ecological approach?

Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domains.

In order to develop a health promotion approach toward a population/group that is at risk for a particular health problem because of factors common to the group, you will have to gain familiarity with the population and work with all of the following EXCEPT:

CDC Outreach programs

One benefit of using a stage model in health promotion is that the evaluation of an intervention:

Can be measured in terms of stage advancement

Community __________ is defined as "the characteristics of communities that affect their ability to identify, mobilize, and address social and public health problems."

Capacity

The kinds of network qualities that you might look for in assessing the role of a network on the health behavior of individuals is best described by which list?

Centrality versus marginality of individuals in the network Reciprocity of relationships Complexity or intensity of relationships in the network

Adults who lacked resources to develop their potential while growing up and feel deprived of a better life or end up in deviant behaviors represent which aspect of the ecological systems theory?

Chronosystem

All of the following are various potential contributing factors to behavior that operate across the causal levels via "streams of influence" except:

Community and policy influences

__________ is a "a social action process by which individuals, communities, and organizations gain mastery over their lives in the context of changing their social and political environment to improve equity and quality of life."

Community empowerment

People who go out into the community to disseminate information, and provide services on various health issues or conditions are known as?

Community health outreach workers

All of the following are key elements within an organization as features of a social unit EXCEPT?

Community mobilization and motivation

Suppose, for example you were trying to disseminate prevention messages related to obesity in a particular community. What would be necessary to maximize the likelihood that key members of the community would reinforce/support the messages?

Community participation

Tracing and tracking down the multiple influence pathways and interactions is not easy and, for that reason, not easy to demonstrate. This highlights the biggest issue of the TTI which is known as

Complexity

What is the biggest critique of the Ecological Systems Theory/Bioecological Systems Theory?

Complexity

Joe knows that smoking is harmful to his health. He has been thinking about quitting, and now he is attending some workshops on quitting smoking. What stage of the TTM is Joe in?

Contemplation

Which of the following is not an example of an essential public health service?

Creating health Objectives

Which of the following categorizes individuals based upon when they adopt a new behavior?

Diffusion of Innovation Theory

In the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI) what is the difference between the early majority and late majority categories?

Early majority adopts sooner

The idea that human behavior can never properly be understood outside the social, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs is reflected in the?

Ecological model

The ways in which humans function as a part of a biophysical and social environment is known as?

Ecology

Which of the following is not one of the three streams of influence onto behavior change efforts, according to the Theory of Triadic Influence?

Economic Status

An important result of community action is:

Empowerment

The Board Board limits the number of hours students can spent on physical activity. This is an example of which Bronfenbrenner's system levels?

Exosystem

All of the following ways will increase a participant's exercise self-efficacy, EXCEPT

Experiencing delayed-onset soreness from exercising

Ecologic models integrate all of the following various influences on health behavior EXCEPT:

Structural level

The Coordinated School Health Program is an approach to school that addresses eight components of a school-based ecology. Which of the following is not one of the eight components as described in the text?

Family planning

Which of the following is an example of motivation attribute?

Favorable attitudes toward an object or behavior

Why are multiple level theories important in health promotion?

For effective interventions

The text states that TTI (Theory of Triadic Influence) model is organized around two basic dimensions known as:

Levels of causation, Streams of influence

By the end of the nineteenth century, the main explanation for disease or health was:

Germ Theory

In TRA, intentions are best described as

Good measure of motivation

The significance of ecology of health behavior implies that:

Health behavior is complex

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

Health education to encourage healthful diet and physical activity among patients with hypertension

The current national U.S. agenda focused on improving health through disease prevention and health promotion is known as

Healthy People 2020

Which of the following is least likely to be a common modifying factor according to the HBM?

Height

When health promotion involves the promotion of conditions, including the satisfaction of basic needs such as housing, employment, and access to health care, that allow people to live healthier (and higher quality) lives ultimately desiring to grow and attain their highest potential, which psychological theory does it belong to?

Humanistic theory

Individual behavior as an outcome of the "cascade" of multiple and interacting influences is known as:

Idea

Two behaviors are__________________ when they cannot be performed simultaneously.

Incompatible

The Trans-Theoretical Model of Change explains

Individual behavior change

The CDC/WHO model organizes contributing factors for various issues like youth violence and intimate partner sexual violence in various domains. Please choose the correct order and listing of domains as presented in the text:

Individual, Relationship, Community, Societal

Which of the following is a correct list of different factors that interact and encourage or shape a behavior as given in the text?

Individual, Social, cultural, Physical environment

The CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion REACH has developed one of the few evaluation protocols with the goal of eliminating health disparities. Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages contained in the program framework and evaluation protocol?

Influenced response

The following is an example of primary prevention:

Inoculating infants for childhood diseases.

The more targeted kind of interventions are known as:

Interventions in a community

Who was one of the most influential thinkers that provided two key ways in which we process information (assimilation and accommodation)?

Jean Piaget

The scientific tradition in which the concept of theory developed is rooted in the empirical perspective was by:

Locke and Hume

Research has shown that minority youth are more likely to be involved in drug dealing and less likely to be involved in drug use because of:

Lower SES

An additional multilevel model brought forth from the compelling research of the CDC, organized contributing factors to youth violence in broad categories. Please choose the correct order and list of contributing factors

Macroeconomic, Community-level, Situational, Individual

A child has a good day at school and goes home and shares the excitement with his or her parents. This represents the influence of which system?

Mesosystem

Designing and implementing interventions at multiple levels is based on the assumption that health behavior outcomes result from _____________________

Multiple influencing factors

Public health efforts to address overweight and obesity problems through arming people with personal knowledge and skills, increasing awareness through education about healthy behaviors and offering guidelines for exercise and diet proved:

Not effective in the long-term

All of the following are accurate statements about the Diffusion of Innovation Theory EXCEPT:

Old ideas or products are always considered new and re-cycled

Improving the capability o organizations and systems to respond to health issues through assessing and improving, encouraging shared goals and missions, identifying organization impediments, and implementing new policies and practices is known as

Organizational Change

Health promotion, disease prevention, and health care are all accomplished primarily through_____ and _____.

Organizations; systems

Which of the following is a correct combination of behavioral and environmental causes of obesity as described in the text?

Overeating, lack of exercise, trends toward eating out

Which of the following is NOT true of values expectancy theory assumptions in relation to behavior change?

People are able to always discern benefits and costs accurately

Theory of Planned Behavior evolved from Theory of Reasoned Action by adding

Perceived behavioral control

Which routes of promotion would include health care workers talking to patients about controlling high blood pressure with medicines?

Personal selling

All the following are ways to segment a population, EXCEPT by:

Personality types

Communities are for the most part geographic ____, but may also include online interactive groups referred to as ______ communities.

Places, Virtual

If an individual has no particular interest in changing the behavior in the foreseeable future, they would be categorized in the

Pre-contemplation stage

If an individual has no particular interest in changing the behavior in the foreseeable future, they would be categorized in the:

Pre-contemplation stage

The five stages in the Trans-theoretical Model are

Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Complete the following sentence: With reference to applying the TTI and trying to identify the role of factors at different levels, the general idea is that proximal causes _____ most behavior and distal/ultimate causes ____it.

Predict, Explain

Flu shots in the general population is an example of which level of prevention?

Primary prevention

The "4 Ps" of marketing include

Product, place, price, and promotion

Which of the following is not provided in the text as one of the channels used in the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation?

Program planning

All of the following are examples of an essential public health services EXCEPT

Providing food in poor neighborhoods

Processes that occur between an individual and his or her immediate environment is known as?

Proximal Process

"Dr. Meg" was a key component in which intervention as described in the text?

Reducing Adolescent Risk Behavior Displays in a Virtual Community

What are the correct five most often cited attributes that determine speed of adoption in diffusion of innovations theory as described by the text?

Relative advantage; Compatibility; Complexibility; Trialability ; Observability

In order to use SNT, steps must be involved. Which of the following is a correct step as described by the text?

Research to identify the important characteristics of the network

The idea of theory is associated with its use in the context of:

Scientific Method

TPB contributes to TRA:

Self- efficacy

The most important components (or cognitions) to the Social Cognitive Theory are:

Self-efficacy, self-regulation, and outcome expectancies

If you were to analyse behavior in community according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualized community members are most likely to feel connected to others in their community because of their:

Sense of purpose in life

____________________ is to operant conditioning as ____________________ is to Social Cognitive Theory

Skinner; Bandura

What model focuses on decision-making, reasoning, and cognitive process?

Social Cognitive model

College students who steadily work together on an exercise program and support each other to sustain success in other healthy behaviors in addition to physical activity best describe the phenomenon of:

Social Network theory

The concept of connection within and between social networks that influence health behaviors and health outcomes at personal and community levels is known as

Social capital

Global health perspective for multi-level models shows the natural flow from widely accepted ___________________________ and from emerging interest in the concept of ________________________

Social determinants approach, Well-being

What psychological theory includes inquiries regarding issues of group dynamics, authority and legitimacy, emotion and its expression, aggression, self and identity, motivation, gender, group prejudices, and attitudes?

Social theory

Which of the following provides the best example of the macrosystem, as described in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

Society progresses toward acceptability of females serving in more administrative roles in school.

A model that tries to explain factors which influence people into acting a certain way by "showing" a complex web of personal, social, and political factors, is the:

Socio- Ecological model

Select the description that best fits LATE MAJORITY ADOPTERS in the theory of diffusion of innovation

Somewhat skeptical, weigh benefits carefully, adopt change if outcome is dramatically beneficial

An important issue that arises with any kind of community intervention when for example, funding is available for community programs for only a short period of time, such as three or four years is the question of :

Sustainability

In a __________ __________, factors such as housing, education, health and nutrition, and the use of natural resources keep adequate pace with population growth and distribution patterns.

Sustainable environment

HIV/AIDS has had such a disproportionate effect on poor, minority urban communities because of something more than just a health problem, but as a product of a larger set of social relationships. Merrill Singer linked the issue with a litany of other health problems, and together called the aggregate situation a ____________________?

Syndemic

Situations in which some health issues have a tendency to be related by similar causes and circumstances is known as ________________________

Syndemic health situations

Chronic pain management for a cancer patient is an example of which level of prevention?

Tertiary prevention

The HBM is an expectancy values theory because it is concerned about

The expected benefits of a preventive action

The HBM is an expectancy values theory because it is concerned about:

The expected benefits of a preventive action

Every time we falsify a theory, we advance science. This is true because:

The theory can be either reworked or discarded.

_________________ is an essential tool for understanding behavior and developing health promotion programs.

Theory

What theory developed from the view that the most commonly used theoretical approaches and resulting health promotion interventions addressed only pieces of the puzzle?

Theory of Triadic Influence

A systematic arrangement of fundamental principles to explain events is known as a_______________________.

Theory.

According to the HBM a person behaves in a certain way because of:

They perceive severity of a health threat to which they are susceptible.

Which of the following is NOT true about theories?

They provide a concrete framework which all health behaviors fit consistently into.

The leading causes of deaths in the US in 2007 were all of the following EXCEPT

Tuberculosis

What is the goal of the field of the study concerned with health behavior?

Understand motivations and influences of behavior Do research that is less expensive

In Sub-Saharan Africa where the HIV/AIDS pandemic currently remains most severe, the primary means of infection is

Unprotected sex

Who was responsible for developing the Ecological Systems Theory?

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Which is the better tool in teaching youngsters about dental care, according to the Social Cognitive Theory?

Using a popular older child as a model to show the youngsters in a classroom demonstration how to brush and floss teeth.

People who observe someone else getting reinforced for a particular behavior tend to exhibit that behavior tend to exhibit that behavior more frequently themselves. This concept is known as:

Vicarious reinforcement.

The term susceptibility is one of the basic concepts in the HBM. The concept is essentially about an individual's beliefs about

Vulnerability

All of the following ways will increase a participant's exercise self-efficacy, EXCEPT

Walking on a treadmill

The complex and fluid interaction between and individual and risk/protective factors in one or more domains has been described as:

Web of influence of causality

All of the following are examples of changes in the built environment that remove barriers providing a setting for human activity except

adding more high fat/calorie vending machines

The primary elements or the building blocks of a theory are

concepts

All of the following are factors that may influence youth to engage in violence except:

counseling

According to the Diffusion of Innovation theory, the largest percentages of people are _________.

early majority and late majority

The following are several key elements to understanding the use of theory as presented in this text except?

language games

Addressing a specific public health issue in a community context requires that you recognize the ____ social and political forces that often intersect with what might seem to be a ____ issue

multiple, straightforward

A small change in one component within one level is likely to cause ______ through multiple levels, and in turn may produce outcomes that change the nature of the _____ at all levels with which the individual was interacting in the first place.

reverberations, environment

Measurable, substantial, accessible, differentiable, and actionable are criteria to consider when determining __________.

segmentation

A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events in order to explain or predict is known as a____________________.

theory.

In contrast to a tangible price of money for marketing, the intangible price in social marketing is _________

time, effort, discomfort, losses, etc.


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