chapter 5
If an individual is planning to modify their behavior within the next month, they would be categorized in the:
Preparation stage
_______________ refers to the number of new cases of a disease or health condition that exists at some point in time.
Prevalence
The principles of a social marketing approach are typically summarized as the "four Ps." All of the following are correct examples of the four Ps except?
Prevention
There is no cure for HIV which is a crisis filled with ambiguity and controversy, precisely because its epidemiology. Therefore a huge burden is placed on
Prevention
The most effective strategy to greatly reduce the costs associated with major health problems in the US is by:
Prevention efforts such as Public health Promotion
Ecological models integrate various influences on health behavior including all except:
structural
All of the following are incorrect ways in which anthropology seeks to understand behavior EXCEPT_
Behavior adaptation of any species.
Stage theories are based on the idea that:
Behavior change involves passing through distinct stages
Why are there many behavior theories and more are being created or revised?
Behavior is complex and is ever evolving
According to the American Heart Association, if obesity trends in most affected states continue with a prevalence rate of over 25% continues, the total healthcare costs attributable to obesity could reach ___________ of all US healthcare expenditures.
16 - 18%
What is the (average) life expectancy in the US?
78
Which of the following is the best definition of theory?
A description of hypothesized relationships.
Which is the correct definition of the epidemiologic transition?
A shift over time in the causes of disease
The theorist who articulated that a hierarchy of needs means people must satisfy the basic needs first before seeking higher level things ( thus from basic physiological -emotional-social) was:
Abraham Maslow
All of the following are correct key processes in the dissemination of an innovation to a social group, as conceptualized in DOI theory except?
Acknowledgment
If an individual has made specific modification to his/her behavior in the past six months, s/he would be categorized in the:
Action stage
What was developed to assist the UNICEF in identifying what factors to consider in order to monitor adolescent progress from a positive perspective, without focusing solely on negative outcomes as described in the text?
Adolescent Well-Being Framework
According to data from the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2008-2009, more than two thirds of _______ in the United States are at risk or are overweight or obese:
Adults
New information affects behavior by influencing what a person:
All of the above
TRA attitudes about the object and the behavior of physical activity are not always consistent because a person can:
All of the above
What causes an epidemiologic transition?
All of the above
Which is an example of a subjective norm?
All of the above
Which of the following is characteristic of attitudes?
All of the above
Assessing an individual's stage helps identify:
Appropriate strategies or educational needs for behavior change
Select the best choice below that provides the correct order of steps that must be taken when developing a program or adapting an existing one.
Assessment of the problem; Formative research; Ongoing evaluation/assessment
In the IMB model, motivation is defined as
Attitudes
The following is key to social network theory as an explanation of behavior except?
Attitudes
Who was responsible for really institutionalizing predictability as a goal for the social or human sciences?
Auguste Comte
Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio‐ecological approach?
Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domains
Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio‐ecological approach?
Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domains.
In order to develop a health promotion approach toward a population/group that is at risk for a particular health problem because of factors common to the group, you will have to gain familiarity with the population and work with all of the following EXCEPT:
CDC Outreach programs
One benefit of using a stage model in health promotion is that the evaluation of an intervention:
Can be measured in terms of stage advancement
Community __________ is defined as "the characteristics of communities that affect their ability to identify, mobilize, and address social and public health problems."
Capacity
The kinds of network qualities that you might look for in assessing the role of a network on the health behavior of individuals is best described by which list?
Centrality versus marginality of individuals in the network Reciprocity of relationships Complexity or intensity of relationships in the network
Adults who lacked resources to develop their potential while growing up and feel deprived of a better life or end up in deviant behaviors represent which aspect of the ecological systems theory?
Chronosystem
All of the following are various potential contributing factors to behavior that operate across the causal levels via "streams of influence" except:
Community and policy influences
__________ is a "a social action process by which individuals, communities, and organizations gain mastery over their lives in the context of changing their social and political environment to improve equity and quality of life."
Community empowerment
People who go out into the community to disseminate information, and provide services on various health issues or conditions are known as?
Community health outreach workers
All of the following are key elements within an organization as features of a social unit EXCEPT?
Community mobilization and motivation
Suppose, for example you were trying to disseminate prevention messages related to obesity in a particular community. What would be necessary to maximize the likelihood that key members of the community would reinforce/support the messages?
Community participation
Tracing and tracking down the multiple influence pathways and interactions is not easy and, for that reason, not easy to demonstrate. This highlights the biggest issue of the TTI which is known as
Complexity
What is the biggest critique of the Ecological Systems Theory/Bioecological Systems Theory?
Complexity
Joe knows that smoking is harmful to his health. He has been thinking about quitting, and now he is attending some workshops on quitting smoking. What stage of the TTM is Joe in?
Contemplation
Which of the following is not an example of an essential public health service?
Creating health Objectives
Which of the following categorizes individuals based upon when they adopt a new behavior?
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
In the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI) what is the difference between the early majority and late majority categories?
Early majority adopts sooner
The idea that human behavior can never properly be understood outside the social, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs is reflected in the?
Ecological model
The ways in which humans function as a part of a biophysical and social environment is known as?
Ecology
Which of the following is not one of the three streams of influence onto behavior change efforts, according to the Theory of Triadic Influence?
Economic Status
An important result of community action is:
Empowerment
The Board Board limits the number of hours students can spent on physical activity. This is an example of which Bronfenbrenner's system levels?
Exosystem
All of the following ways will increase a participant's exercise self-efficacy, EXCEPT
Experiencing delayed-onset soreness from exercising
Ecologic models integrate all of the following various influences on health behavior EXCEPT:
Structural level
The Coordinated School Health Program is an approach to school that addresses eight components of a school-based ecology. Which of the following is not one of the eight components as described in the text?
Family planning
Which of the following is an example of motivation attribute?
Favorable attitudes toward an object or behavior
Why are multiple level theories important in health promotion?
For effective interventions
The text states that TTI (Theory of Triadic Influence) model is organized around two basic dimensions known as:
Levels of causation, Streams of influence
By the end of the nineteenth century, the main explanation for disease or health was:
Germ Theory
In TRA, intentions are best described as
Good measure of motivation
The significance of ecology of health behavior implies that:
Health behavior is complex
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?
Health education to encourage healthful diet and physical activity among patients with hypertension
The current national U.S. agenda focused on improving health through disease prevention and health promotion is known as
Healthy People 2020
Which of the following is least likely to be a common modifying factor according to the HBM?
Height
When health promotion involves the promotion of conditions, including the satisfaction of basic needs such as housing, employment, and access to health care, that allow people to live healthier (and higher quality) lives ultimately desiring to grow and attain their highest potential, which psychological theory does it belong to?
Humanistic theory
Individual behavior as an outcome of the "cascade" of multiple and interacting influences is known as:
Idea
Two behaviors are__________________ when they cannot be performed simultaneously.
Incompatible
The Trans-Theoretical Model of Change explains
Individual behavior change
The CDC/WHO model organizes contributing factors for various issues like youth violence and intimate partner sexual violence in various domains. Please choose the correct order and listing of domains as presented in the text:
Individual, Relationship, Community, Societal
Which of the following is a correct list of different factors that interact and encourage or shape a behavior as given in the text?
Individual, Social, cultural, Physical environment
The CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion REACH has developed one of the few evaluation protocols with the goal of eliminating health disparities. Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages contained in the program framework and evaluation protocol?
Influenced response
The following is an example of primary prevention:
Inoculating infants for childhood diseases.
The more targeted kind of interventions are known as:
Interventions in a community
Who was one of the most influential thinkers that provided two key ways in which we process information (assimilation and accommodation)?
Jean Piaget
The scientific tradition in which the concept of theory developed is rooted in the empirical perspective was by:
Locke and Hume
Research has shown that minority youth are more likely to be involved in drug dealing and less likely to be involved in drug use because of:
Lower SES
An additional multilevel model brought forth from the compelling research of the CDC, organized contributing factors to youth violence in broad categories. Please choose the correct order and list of contributing factors
Macroeconomic, Community-level, Situational, Individual
A child has a good day at school and goes home and shares the excitement with his or her parents. This represents the influence of which system?
Mesosystem
Designing and implementing interventions at multiple levels is based on the assumption that health behavior outcomes result from _____________________
Multiple influencing factors
Public health efforts to address overweight and obesity problems through arming people with personal knowledge and skills, increasing awareness through education about healthy behaviors and offering guidelines for exercise and diet proved:
Not effective in the long-term
All of the following are accurate statements about the Diffusion of Innovation Theory EXCEPT:
Old ideas or products are always considered new and re-cycled
Improving the capability o organizations and systems to respond to health issues through assessing and improving, encouraging shared goals and missions, identifying organization impediments, and implementing new policies and practices is known as
Organizational Change
Health promotion, disease prevention, and health care are all accomplished primarily through_____ and _____.
Organizations; systems
Which of the following is a correct combination of behavioral and environmental causes of obesity as described in the text?
Overeating, lack of exercise, trends toward eating out
Which of the following is NOT true of values expectancy theory assumptions in relation to behavior change?
People are able to always discern benefits and costs accurately
Theory of Planned Behavior evolved from Theory of Reasoned Action by adding
Perceived behavioral control
Which routes of promotion would include health care workers talking to patients about controlling high blood pressure with medicines?
Personal selling
All the following are ways to segment a population, EXCEPT by:
Personality types
Communities are for the most part geographic ____, but may also include online interactive groups referred to as ______ communities.
Places, Virtual
If an individual has no particular interest in changing the behavior in the foreseeable future, they would be categorized in the
Pre-contemplation stage
If an individual has no particular interest in changing the behavior in the foreseeable future, they would be categorized in the:
Pre-contemplation stage
The five stages in the Trans-theoretical Model are
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
Complete the following sentence: With reference to applying the TTI and trying to identify the role of factors at different levels, the general idea is that proximal causes _____ most behavior and distal/ultimate causes ____it.
Predict, Explain
Flu shots in the general population is an example of which level of prevention?
Primary prevention
The "4 Ps" of marketing include
Product, place, price, and promotion
Which of the following is not provided in the text as one of the channels used in the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation?
Program planning
All of the following are examples of an essential public health services EXCEPT
Providing food in poor neighborhoods
Processes that occur between an individual and his or her immediate environment is known as?
Proximal Process
"Dr. Meg" was a key component in which intervention as described in the text?
Reducing Adolescent Risk Behavior Displays in a Virtual Community
What are the correct five most often cited attributes that determine speed of adoption in diffusion of innovations theory as described by the text?
Relative advantage; Compatibility; Complexibility; Trialability ; Observability
In order to use SNT, steps must be involved. Which of the following is a correct step as described by the text?
Research to identify the important characteristics of the network
The idea of theory is associated with its use in the context of:
Scientific Method
TPB contributes to TRA:
Self- efficacy
The most important components (or cognitions) to the Social Cognitive Theory are:
Self-efficacy, self-regulation, and outcome expectancies
If you were to analyse behavior in community according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualized community members are most likely to feel connected to others in their community because of their:
Sense of purpose in life
____________________ is to operant conditioning as ____________________ is to Social Cognitive Theory
Skinner; Bandura
What model focuses on decision-making, reasoning, and cognitive process?
Social Cognitive model
College students who steadily work together on an exercise program and support each other to sustain success in other healthy behaviors in addition to physical activity best describe the phenomenon of:
Social Network theory
The concept of connection within and between social networks that influence health behaviors and health outcomes at personal and community levels is known as
Social capital
Global health perspective for multi-level models shows the natural flow from widely accepted ___________________________ and from emerging interest in the concept of ________________________
Social determinants approach, Well-being
What psychological theory includes inquiries regarding issues of group dynamics, authority and legitimacy, emotion and its expression, aggression, self and identity, motivation, gender, group prejudices, and attitudes?
Social theory
Which of the following provides the best example of the macrosystem, as described in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?
Society progresses toward acceptability of females serving in more administrative roles in school.
A model that tries to explain factors which influence people into acting a certain way by "showing" a complex web of personal, social, and political factors, is the:
Socio- Ecological model
Select the description that best fits LATE MAJORITY ADOPTERS in the theory of diffusion of innovation
Somewhat skeptical, weigh benefits carefully, adopt change if outcome is dramatically beneficial
An important issue that arises with any kind of community intervention when for example, funding is available for community programs for only a short period of time, such as three or four years is the question of :
Sustainability
In a __________ __________, factors such as housing, education, health and nutrition, and the use of natural resources keep adequate pace with population growth and distribution patterns.
Sustainable environment
HIV/AIDS has had such a disproportionate effect on poor, minority urban communities because of something more than just a health problem, but as a product of a larger set of social relationships. Merrill Singer linked the issue with a litany of other health problems, and together called the aggregate situation a ____________________?
Syndemic
Situations in which some health issues have a tendency to be related by similar causes and circumstances is known as ________________________
Syndemic health situations
Chronic pain management for a cancer patient is an example of which level of prevention?
Tertiary prevention
The HBM is an expectancy values theory because it is concerned about
The expected benefits of a preventive action
The HBM is an expectancy values theory because it is concerned about:
The expected benefits of a preventive action
Every time we falsify a theory, we advance science. This is true because:
The theory can be either reworked or discarded.
_________________ is an essential tool for understanding behavior and developing health promotion programs.
Theory
What theory developed from the view that the most commonly used theoretical approaches and resulting health promotion interventions addressed only pieces of the puzzle?
Theory of Triadic Influence
A systematic arrangement of fundamental principles to explain events is known as a_______________________.
Theory.
According to the HBM a person behaves in a certain way because of:
They perceive severity of a health threat to which they are susceptible.
Which of the following is NOT true about theories?
They provide a concrete framework which all health behaviors fit consistently into.
The leading causes of deaths in the US in 2007 were all of the following EXCEPT
Tuberculosis
What is the goal of the field of the study concerned with health behavior?
Understand motivations and influences of behavior Do research that is less expensive
In Sub-Saharan Africa where the HIV/AIDS pandemic currently remains most severe, the primary means of infection is
Unprotected sex
Who was responsible for developing the Ecological Systems Theory?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Which is the better tool in teaching youngsters about dental care, according to the Social Cognitive Theory?
Using a popular older child as a model to show the youngsters in a classroom demonstration how to brush and floss teeth.
People who observe someone else getting reinforced for a particular behavior tend to exhibit that behavior tend to exhibit that behavior more frequently themselves. This concept is known as:
Vicarious reinforcement.
The term susceptibility is one of the basic concepts in the HBM. The concept is essentially about an individual's beliefs about
Vulnerability
All of the following ways will increase a participant's exercise self-efficacy, EXCEPT
Walking on a treadmill
The complex and fluid interaction between and individual and risk/protective factors in one or more domains has been described as:
Web of influence of causality
All of the following are examples of changes in the built environment that remove barriers providing a setting for human activity except
adding more high fat/calorie vending machines
The primary elements or the building blocks of a theory are
concepts
All of the following are factors that may influence youth to engage in violence except:
counseling
According to the Diffusion of Innovation theory, the largest percentages of people are _________.
early majority and late majority
The following are several key elements to understanding the use of theory as presented in this text except?
language games
Addressing a specific public health issue in a community context requires that you recognize the ____ social and political forces that often intersect with what might seem to be a ____ issue
multiple, straightforward
A small change in one component within one level is likely to cause ______ through multiple levels, and in turn may produce outcomes that change the nature of the _____ at all levels with which the individual was interacting in the first place.
reverberations, environment
Measurable, substantial, accessible, differentiable, and actionable are criteria to consider when determining __________.
segmentation
A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events in order to explain or predict is known as a____________________.
theory.
In contrast to a tangible price of money for marketing, the intangible price in social marketing is _________
time, effort, discomfort, losses, etc.