Chapter 7 Mastering
A graded potential is also known as a nerve impulse.
False
Which division of the peripheral nervous system activates skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
Which of the following can adversely affect brain development?
alcohol
cerebrum fails to develop, failure to hear see or process sensory input
anecephaly
What cells of the nervous system are responsible for anchoring neurons to their blood vessels and controlling the extracellular fluid concentrations of potassium and neurotransmitters?
astrocytes
What is the most abundant glial cell in the central nervous system (CNS)?
astrocytes
Which of the following conditions would result from damage to the cerebellum?
ataxia
The term central nervous system refers to the ________
brain and spinal cord
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the _______
brain stem
What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell body?
dendrite
The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called _____
dendrites
incomplete vertebra formation, inability to control bowels or bladder, paralyzed lower limbs
spina bifida
Includes the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina
midbrain
The cell bodies of the ________ neurons are always located within the CNS.
motor
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are ____
myelinated
The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called _
nodes of Ranvier
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the _
sympathetic nervous system
Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex
thalamus
The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.
tight
The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles
true
What cranial nerve pair supplies many organs in the ventral body cavity?
vagus nerves
Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.
white, gray
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell
2,1,4,3
What produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Choroid Plexus
Why is white matter "white"?
It contains a high concentration of myelin
What is the first event of an action potential?
Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes
What part of the brain do we use when initiating skeletal muscle movement?
Primary motor area
________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.
Schwann
Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?
calcium
Ganglia are collections of ________.
cell bodies
The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ________ nervous system and ________ nervous system.
central, periphreal
Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the
cerebellum
neuromuscular disability, spastic and poorly controlled muscles, possible mental retardation and impaired hearing or vision
cerebral palsy
The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ________
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?
cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
Which spinal plexus gives rise to the phrenic nerve, and what organ does this nerve supply?
cervical; diaphragm
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ______
corpus callosum
Which cranial nerves control eye movement?
cranial nerve III, IV, VI
Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate?
despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.
dicephalon (interbrain)
Includes the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the third ventricle
epithalamus
Bipolar neurons are commonly ____
found in the eye and nose
Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
medulla oblongata
Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
hypothalamus
Which of these is a deep pressure receptor?
lamellar corpuscle
The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the
longitudinal fissure
Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
The hypothalamus regulates the ____
pituitary gland
During repolarizations, _______ ions are pumped out of the cell
potassium
Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed _______
proprioceptors
Each spinal nerve branches into a ventral and dorsal ________.
ramus
Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ___
ramus
Which of these lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?
receptor; afferent neuron; control center; efferent neuron; effector
Which of the following neurons is classified as a unipolar neuron?
sensory neuron