Chapter 7 Mastering

A graded potential is also known as a nerve impulse.

False

Which division of the peripheral nervous system activates skeletal muscles?

Somatic nervous system

Which of the following can adversely affect brain development?

alcohol

cerebrum fails to develop, failure to hear see or process sensory input

anecephaly

What cells of the nervous system are responsible for anchoring neurons to their blood vessels and controlling the extracellular fluid concentrations of potassium and neurotransmitters?

astrocytes

What is the most abundant glial cell in the central nervous system (CNS)?

astrocytes

Which of the following conditions would result from damage to the cerebellum?

ataxia

The term central nervous system refers to the ________

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the _______

brain stem

What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell body?

dendrite

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called _____

dendrites

incomplete vertebra formation, inability to control bowels or bladder, paralyzed lower limbs

spina bifida

Includes the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina

midbrain

The cell bodies of the ________ neurons are always located within the CNS.

motor

Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are ____

myelinated

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called _

nodes of Ranvier

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the _

sympathetic nervous system

Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex

thalamus

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

tight

The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles

true

What cranial nerve pair supplies many organs in the ventral body cavity?

vagus nerves

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white, gray

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell

2,1,4,3

What produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Choroid Plexus

Why is white matter "white"?

It contains a high concentration of myelin

What is the first event of an action potential?

Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes

What part of the brain do we use when initiating skeletal muscle movement?

Primary motor area

________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

Schwann

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

calcium

Ganglia are collections of ________.

cell bodies

The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ________ nervous system and ________ nervous system.

central, periphreal

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the

cerebellum

neuromuscular disability, spastic and poorly controlled muscles, possible mental retardation and impaired hearing or vision

cerebral palsy

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ________

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

Which spinal plexus gives rise to the phrenic nerve, and what organ does this nerve supply?

cervical; diaphragm

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ______

corpus callosum

Which cranial nerves control eye movement?

cranial nerve III, IV, VI

Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate?

despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

dicephalon (interbrain)

Includes the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the third ventricle

epithalamus

Bipolar neurons are commonly ____

found in the eye and nose

Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

medulla oblongata

Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism

hypothalamus

Which of these is a deep pressure receptor?

lamellar corpuscle

The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the

longitudinal fissure

Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

The hypothalamus regulates the ____

pituitary gland

During repolarizations, _______ ions are pumped out of the cell

potassium

Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed _______

proprioceptors

Each spinal nerve branches into a ventral and dorsal ________.

ramus

Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ___

ramus

Which of these lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

receptor; afferent neuron; control center; efferent neuron; effector

Which of the following neurons is classified as a unipolar neuron?

sensory neuron