Chapter 25 & 26 - Digestive System

Select all that apply: Which are functions of mesenteries? - Secrete hormones - Provide passage for blood vessels - Hold abdominal viscera in place - Provide passage for nerves

- Provide passage for blood vessels - Hold abdominal viscera in place - Provide passage for nerves

Select all that apply: Which are functions of the oral cavity? - Respiration - Excretion of wastes - Ingestion - Absorption of nutrients - Speech

- Respiration - Ingestion - Speech

What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What are nucleases?

Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA

True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.

False: Motility also mixes chyme with secretions and brings chyme into contact with intestinal lining.

True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.

False: The liver produces bile for fat emulsion. It is the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.

The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called ___.

Gastroenterology

Which colonic contractions are the most common, occurring about twice an hour?

Haustral contractions

What are the microscopic structural subunits of the liver?

Hepatic lobules

In humans, body weight is determined by which of the following?

Heredity and environmental influences

Which describes the fundus of the stomach?

It is the domed superior region.

Which of the following describes the fundus of the stomach?

It is the domed superior region.

The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?

Large intestine

Which digestive reflexes use autonomic nerve fibers running to and from the brainstem?

Long

What are the gastric rugae?

Longitudinal folds in the stomach lining

Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?

Masseter and temporalis

Chewing is also known as which of the following?

Mastication

The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called ___.

Mesenteries

___ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Metabolism

The term gut ___ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.

Microbiome

In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of ___, following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients.

Osmosis

Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach?

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the ___ before reaching the esophagus.

Pharynx

Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following?

Saliva

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?

Secretin

Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?

Secretion of bile

What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract wall?

Serosa

What are mesenteries?

Sheets of connective tissue that suspend the intestines in the abdomen

What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?

They protect the stomach lining from acid damage.

Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract?

They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.

What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion?

Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride

Minerals ___ and are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.

Vitamins

Minerals and ___ are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.

Vitamins

Which nutrients are absorbed without being digested?

Vitamins and minerals

What does the emetic center of the medulla oblongata stimulate?

Vomiting

What is hypothermia?

low body temperature

The peristaltic movement of colonic contents triggered by the gastrocolic reflex approximately 1-3 times per day is called ___.

mass movement

Which are types of dietary fiber?

pectin and cellulose

The inactive form of pepsin is ___.

pepsinogen

What is the inactive precursor of pepsin?

pepsinogen

During the ___ state, energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of stored glycogen, oxidation of ketone bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose. Multiple choice question.

postabsorptive

The ___ state prevails when the stomach and small intestine are empty and the body's energy needs are met from stored fuels.

postabsorptive

A(n) ___ is any enzyme that digests proteins.

protease

The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric ___.

rugae

Enzymes that digest lipids are called ___.

lipases

Cholesterol is a type of ___.

lipid

The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is ___.

lipolysis

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called ___.

metabolism

How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?

osmosis

The esophagus is ___ to the trachea.

posterior

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as ___.

Chyme

What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as?

Chyme

When does the absorptive state occur?

for several hours during and after a meal

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ___.

gallbladder

What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine?

Simple columnar

Which are functions of the oral cavity?

Speech Ingestion Respiration

The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as which of the following?

Core temperature

What happens to pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen?

It enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

Which of the following is a feature that the stomach and the small intestine have in common?

Mucus-secreting cells

The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called ___.

Nucleases

Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body?

Nutrient

The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?

Oligosaccharides and maltose

In order for digestion to occur, chyme is required to contact the microvilli of the intestinal wall because the ___.

brush border enzymes are not secreted into the lumen

Another name for the oral cavity is the ___ cavity.

buccal

Glucose is a ___.

carbohydrate

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the ___ .

cecum

Which is most likely to be fatal?

heatstroke

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin

Which is considered a short-term regulator of appetite?

Cholecystokinin

Select all that apply: Which are functions of saliva? - Inhibits the chemical digestion of starch - Aids in swallowing - Chemically digests proteins - Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted - Cleanses mouth and teeth

- Aids in swallowing - Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted - Cleanses mouth and teeth

Which are found in saliva? Select all that apply. - Pepsin - Amylase - Lysozyme - Water - Mucus - Fibrin - Gastrin - Lipase

- Amylase - Lysozyme - Water - Mucus - Lipase

Select all that apply: What are the three major pathways by which glucose is catabolized in the human body? - Anaerobic fermentation - Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis - Beta oxidation

- Anaerobic fermentation - Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis

Select all that apply: What are the three phases of gastric activity? - Hepatic phase - Cephalic phase - Esophageal phase - Gastric phase - intestinal phase - Hypothalamic phase

- Cephalic phase - Gastric phase - intestinal phase

Select all that apply: Which peptides are involved in short-term regulation of appetite? - Cholecystokinin - Ghrelin - Bilirubin - Peptide YY

- Cholecystokinin - Ghrelin - Peptide YY

Select all that apply: Which are lipids? - Triglycerides - Cholesterol - Glycogen - Polypeptides - Phospholipids

- Cholesterol - Triglycerides - Phospholipids

Select all that apply: Which are functions of saliva? - Inhibits the chemical digestion of starch - Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted - Aids in swallowing - Chemically digests proteins - Cleanses mouth and teeth

- Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted - Aids in swallowing - Cleanses mouth and teeth

Select all that apply: Which peptides are involved in short-term regulation of appetite? - Ghrelin - Bilirubin - Peptide YY - Cholecystokinin

- Ghrelin - Peptide YY - Cholecystokinin

Select all that apply: Which of the following is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions? - The mechanical digestion of food - The propelling of contents along the intestines - An increased secretion rate - An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining - The mixing of chyme with secretions

- The propelling of contents along the intestines - An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining - The mixing of chyme with secretions

A calorie is the amount of energy that will raise the temperature of 1g of water ___ degrees Celsius?

1

How long is the gallbladder?

10 cm

Hypothermia ___ metabolic rate.

slows down

Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ___ intestine.

small

Where are minerals in the diet absorbed?

small intestine

The recommended intake of the nutrient ___ is 1.5 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 3.4 g/day.

sodium

Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic fermentation may occur under which of the following conditions?

When no oxygen is available

What is a goblet cell?

a mucus-secreting epithelial cell

What is amination?

addition of NH2 to a molecule

What is a protease?

an enzyme that digests protein

The region of the stomach where the esophagus enters is the ___ region.

cardial

Another name for the act of swallowing is ___.

deglutition

Insulin ___ gluconeogenesis.

inhibits

By definition, one ___ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Calorie

The stimulus for the ___ reflex is stretching of the rectum.

Defecation

Plant cellulose and pectin are examples of which of the following?

Dietary fiber

What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?

Digestion

What is the initial segment of the small intestine?

Duodenum

Which produces most of your body heat?

Exergonic chemical reactions

The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve?

Parasympathetic

Select all that apply: Which of the following produce body heat? - Muscle contraction - ATP use - Evaporation of sweat - Nutrient oxidation

- Muscle contraction - ATP use - Nutrient oxidation

Select all that apply Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans? - Skin color - Exercise habits - Blood type - Hereditary factors -Eating habits

- Exercise habits - Hereditary factors - Eating habits

Select all that apply: Which are examples of carbohydrates? - Glycogen - Sucrose - Glucose - Albumin - Cholesterol

- Glycogen - Sucrose - Glucose

Select all that apply: Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents? - Excessive blood flow - Mucous coat - Tight junctions - Protective gastric juices - Epithelial cell replacement

- Mucous coat - Tight junctions - Epithelial cell replacement

Select all that apply: Which are effects of insulin? - Stimulates glycogenesis - Inhibits lipogenesis - Stimulates glucose oxidation - Decrease cellular uptake of glucose - Inhibits gluconeogenesis

- Stimulates glycogenesis - Stimulates glucose oxidation - Inhibits gluconeogenesis

Select all that apply: Which are stimuli for defecation? - Stretching of the stomach - Stretching of the descending colon - Stretching of the rectum - Stretching of the sigmoid colon

- Stretching of the descending colon - Stretching of the rectum - Stretching of the sigmoid colon

Select all that apply Which are examples of carbohydrates? - Albumin - Sucrose - Glycogen - Glucose - Cholesterol

- Sucrose - Glycogen - Glucose

Which substances are absorbed from the stomach?

- lipid soluble drugs - aspirin

How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?

32

The maximum number of ATP generated by the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose is ___.

32

Fat soluble vitamins include what four vitamins?

A, D, E, and K

During which state are nutrients being absorbed and may be used immediately for energy?

Absorptive state

What occurs in the reaction called phosphorylation?

Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

What is metabolic rate?

Amount of energy released in body per unit time

The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic ___.

Amylase

What is lipolysis?

Breakdown of triglycerides

The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with ___ columnar epithelium.

Simple

True or false: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers.

False: Both branches of the autonomic system innervate the stomach; the PSNS stimulates the digestive system and the SNS inhibits it.

Stomach function is regulated in three phases, which are the ___ phase, the intestinal phase, and the cephalic phase.

Gastric

Which term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose?

Glycogenesis

The painful muscle spasms that result from excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running a mile and not drinking water would be described as which of the following?

Heat cramps

The ___ of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms.

Hypothalamus

Which brain region monitors and regulates body temperature?

Hypothalamus

Which best defines the term nutrient?

Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance

The primary function of the ___ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients.

Large

The term ___ rate refers to the amount of energy released per unit of time (kcal/h or kcal/day).

Metabolic

The predominant type of involuntary muscle contraction occurring in the stomach is ___.

Peristalsis

What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?

Peristalsis

The process called ___ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.

Phosphorylation

Which constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass?

Protein

Which type of macromolecule includes membrane receptors, pumps, ion channels, and cell-identity markers?

Proteins

In the presence of oxygen, ___ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

Pyruvic

___ temperature is the temperature close to the body surface, e.g. skin and oral temperature.

Shell - Shell temperature is the temperature closer to the surface, especially skin and oral temperature. It is typically a few degrees cooler than the core temperature.

What nervous system depresses salvation?

Sympathetic Nervous System

What is the straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach called?

The Esophagus

What is glycogenesis?

The production of glycogen

What is ingestion?

The selective intake of food

What is gastroenterology?

The study of the digestive tract

___ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

Transamination

Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids?

Triglyceride

True or false: The typical American consumes about four times the sodium RDA of 1500 mg/day.

True: The recommended sodium intake is 1500 mg/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4500 mg/day.

The network of nerves that regulate digestive motility, secretion, and blood flow is called the ___ system.

enteric nervous

The pharynx connects the oral cavity to the ______ and the nasal cavity to the ______.

esophagus, larynx

In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called ___.

fermentation

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of ___.

glucose

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ___ cells.

goblet

The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are ___ contractions.

haustral

Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the ___.

hepatic portal system

The selective intake of food is known as

ingestion

The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the ___.

superior mesenteric artery

What is deglutition?

swallowing

What are the functions of the large intestine?

water and electrolyte absorption

What are the components of intestinal juice?

water and mucus