Special populations- Chapter 3 quiz

Explain the development of the neural tube defect. Give two examples of the neural tube defects

Neural tube is what develops into the spine often before a woman is even aware she is pregnant. Folate is important in the development so a woman should make sure that she is getting enough even before she is pregnant to prevent defects Anencephaly: occurs if the upper end of the neural tube fails to close. Results in severely diminished brain development or even the absence of the brain (often miscarried if not born still born or dies shortly after) Spina bifida: when the spinal cord and vertebral column fail to close completely allowing the spinal cord to protrude, which may be life-threatening

List and explain several contradictions to exercise for this population

Severe anemia: lower iron means a lower RBC count and therefore less blood is able to get to the fetus Poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: mother is not able to produce insulin on her own and if she cannot control it that means that the baby is not going to get the nutrients needed Premature labor during current pregnancy: if she has been experiencing premature labor, exercise will put an additional strain on both mom and baby and will put both baby and mom at risk. History of extremely sedentary lifestyle: if mom wasnt active and wants to be now thats concerning because she doenst know her body and it will put new stresses on herself. incompetent cervix: heighten risk for miscarriage and premature labor

How does exercise help alleviate some of the discomforts of pregnancy?

it helps improve circulation, alleviates back pain, stiff joints, constipation, bloating, and insomnia; helps maintain ROM, improves mood, preserves muscle mass and strength

Identify the activities and exercises that a pregnant woman should avoid. Why are these dangerous?

avoid free weights, high-impact sports, exercise exhaustion, isometric exercises and the valsalva maneuver, full-sit ups, avoid supine position after first trimester, avoid strenuous exercise during first trimester -These have to be avoided because they can pose a lot of stress and harm to the newly developing baby. Certain exercises will either stress the baby out or literally crush/put force on the baby in the womb

Define critical period and explain its significance

in the first trimester when the fetus is growing rapidly; the organ system is particulary vulnerable to harmful conditions such as nutrient deficiences or exposure to toxins

What nutrients are of particular concern for a pregnant vegan?

vulnerable to a deficiency of kilocalories, protein, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, and riboflavin - all of these nutrients are of animal origin.

Describe some of the changes that a woman's body undergoes during each trimester. How do these changes impact her ability to exercise?

1. First trimester- breasts swell and become tender, nausea, hormone levels fluctuate, lethargic feelings, exercise might cause discomfort, perspiration and blood volume increase, fetus enlarges and puts pressure on bladder, fetal organ systems develop 2. Second trimester- body adjusts to hormone levels, back pain, center of balance changes, joints become less stable, reflux develops, breasts continue to swell, edema, BP increases 3. Third trimester- fetus enlarges ad crowds maternal organs, urge to urinate increases, constipation, fatigue ensues, braxon-hicks These changes impact her ability to exercise by decreasing the duration and intesity of her exercises.

Explain the importance of hydration for a pregnant exerciser

A pregnant woman's metabolism is already higher than normal which means that her body is hotter and she will sweat more during exercise and therefore needs to rehydrate before, during, and after exercise. Maintaining hydration will help to control the woman's core body temperature protecting the fetus.

If an active woman came to you to ask how she should modify her exercise program now that she is two months pregnant, what would you tell her? Give details.

I would tell her that continuing her active lifestyle is fine, as long as some strict restrictions are made. Frequency should be 3 max days (cardio) and 2 days max (resistance), 15-30 minutes long. The warm up should be 5-10 minutes and should be low impact, such as walking or stationary cycling. Limbering movements should be included, as well as mild stretching and a 5-10 minute cool down. She should immediately stop if any pain or discomfort is felt

What are some nutritional concerns during pregnancy? How does exercise affect nutrition and exacerbate these concerns?

energy needs increase by about 600 calories a day thru pregnancy. no less than 175g of carbs a day, 25g extra protein/ day but avoid protein supplements, 13 g of omega 6 and 1.4g omega 3 fatty acids /day Energy needs will be increased by pregnancy but also by exercise meaning these may need to be adjusted further.