chapter 5

affrimative action

a hiring or promotion policy favoring those groups, such as women, African Americans, & Latinos, who have suffered from discrimination in the past or continue to suffer from discrimination

probationary period

a period of time at the beginnings of a police officer's career during which she or he may be fired w/o cause

sexual harassment

a repeated pattern of unwelcome sexual advances &/or obscene remarks. Under certain circumstances, it is illegal & can be the basis for a civil lawsuit

Indicate some of the most important law enforcement agencies under the control of the Department of Homeland Security,

(a) U.S. Customs & Border Protection, which polices the flow of goods & people across U.S. international borders & oversees the U.S. Border Patrol; (b) U.S. Immigration & Customs Enforcement, which investigates & enforces our nation's immigration & customs laws; & (c) the U.S. Secret Service, which protects high-ranking federal government officials & federal property

list the 4 basic responsibilities of the police

(a) to enforce laws, (b) to provide services, (c) to prevent crime, & (d) to preserve the peace

discrimination

the illegal use of characteristics such as gender or race by employers when making hiring or promotion decisions

coroner

the medical examiner of a county, usually elected by popular vote

human trafficking

the practice of illegally transporting a person from one country to another for the purpose of forced labor or sexual exploitation

sheriff

the primary law enforcement officer in a county, usually elected to the post by popular vote

recruitment

the process by which law enforcement agencies develop a pool of qualified applicants from which to select new employees

Private security

the provision of policing services by private companies or individuals

field training

the segment of a police recruit's training in which he or she is removed from the classroom & placed on the beat, under the supervision of a senior officer

Infrastructure

the services & facilities that support the day-to-day needs of modern life, such as electricity, food, transportation, & water

secondary policing

the situation in which a police officer accepts off0duty employment from a private company or government agency

double marginality

the situation in which minority law enforcement officers face suspicion both from their white colleagues & from members of the minority community to which they belong

Militarism

the use of military training, tactics, & weaponry in policing

Tell how the patronage system affected policing

During the political era of policing (1840-1930), bribes paid by citizens & business owners often went into the coffers of the local political party. This was known as the patronage system.

Describe some of the benefits that female police officers bring to law enforcement

In addition to possessing bravery & physical prowess, female police officers seem to put citizens at ease & are therefore often more effective during service calls. Policewomen are also more likely to use verbal skills rather than force when placed in situations of potential violence. As a result, they are much less likely than ,ale officers to be disciplined for use of excessive force.

Analyze the importance of private security today

In the U.S., businesses & citizens spend billons of dollars each year on private security. Increased crime in the work place, along w/ concerns about terrorism, have fueled the growth in spending on private security.

Explain how intelligence-led policing works & how it benefits modern police departments

Intelligence-led policing uses past crime patterns to predict when & where crime will occur in the future. In theory, intelligence-led policing allows police administrations to use fewer resources bc it allows them to focus their attention on "hot spots"

Identify the main advantage of a racially & ethnically diverse police force

Particularly in communities that are themselves racially & ethnically diverse, police officers who are members of minority groups are often able to communicate more easily w/ citizens. their higher credibility enables the officers to do a better job of maintaining order, as well as solving & preventing crimes.

Summarize the duties of the FBI

The FBI has jurisdiction to investigate hundreds of federal crimes, including white-collar crime, kidnapping, bank robbery, & civil right violations. The FBI is also heavily involved in combating terrorism & drug-trafficking operations in the U.S. & around the world. Finally, the agency provides support to state & local law enforcement agencies through its crime laboratories & databases

Identify the differences between the police academy & field traing as learning tools for recruits

The police academy is a controlled environment where police recruits learn the basics of policing from instructors in classrooms. In contrast, field training takes place in the "real world": the recruit goes on patrol w/ an experienced police officer

fusion center

a collaborative effort between 2 or more agencies to prevent & respond to criminal & terrorist activities

U.S. Secret Service

a federal law enforcement organization w/ the primary responsibility of protecting the president, the president's family, the vice president, & other important political figures

patronage system

a form of corruption in which the political party in power hires & promotes police officers & receives job-related "favors" in return

professional model

a style of policing advocated by August Vollmer & O.W. Wilson that emphasizes centralized police organizations, increased use of technology, & the use of regulations & guidelines to limit police discretion

intelligence-led policing

an approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated w/ certain individuals or locations so as to predict when & where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future

night watch system

an early form of American law enforcement in which volunteers patrolled their community from dusk to dawn to keep the peace

visa

official authorization allowing a person to travel to & within the issuing country

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

the branch of the department of Justice responsible for investigating violations of federal law

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

the federal agency responsible for enforcing the nation's laws & regulations regarding narcotics & other controlled substances

US Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

the federal agency responsible for protecting U.S. borders & facilitating legal trade & travel across those borders

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

the federal agency that enforces the nation's immigration & customs laws