Chapter 5: Stress
Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused
Focus of Coping
Role ambiguity
Refers to the lack of information regarding what needs to be done in a role, as well as unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role. few instructions new employees
Work responsibility
Refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has to others.
Family time demands
Reflect the time that a person commits to participate in an array of family activities and responsibilities.
Daily hassles
Reflects the relatively minor day-to-day demands that get in the way of accomplishing the things that we really want to accomplish time consuming and stressful
Family Tie Demands Personal Development Positive Life Events
Types of Non-Work Challenge Stressors
Work-family conflict Negative Life Events Financial Uncertainty
Types of Non-Work Hindrance Stressors
Instrumental support Emotional Support
Types of Social Support
Physiological Strain Psychological Strain Behavioral Strain
Types of Strain Experienced
Time Pressure Work Complexity Work Responsibility
Types of Work Challenge Stressors
Role Conflict Role Ambiguity Role Overload Daily Hassles
Types of Work Hindrance Stressors
Example of Daily Hassles
Unecessary paperwork, office equipment malfunctions, interactions with abrassive co-workers, useless communication
Emotion-focused coping
Various ways in which people manage their own emotional reactions to stressful demands.
Relaxation techniques Cognitive-behavioral techniques Health and wellness programs
Ways to Reduce Strains
Secondary appraisal
When people determine how to cope with the various stressors they face "what should I do?" or "What can I do?"
Cognitive, emotion-focused coping activities
avoid, distance, ignore look for positive and negative reappraising
burnout
emotional, mental, physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis
Training interventions
Aimed at increasing job- related competencies and skills.
Role conflict
Refers to conflicting expectations that other people may have of us.
Cognitive coping
Thoughts that are involved in trying to deal with a stressful situation.
Problem-focused coping
Behaviors and cognitions intended to manage the stressful situation itself.
Coping
Behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands that they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands.
weak positive correlation (5)
Challenge Stressors have a _______, _________ _____________with job performance
moderate positive correlation (5)
Challenge Stressors have a ________, ____________ ______________ with organizational commitment
Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal
Components of Transactional Theory of Stress
Psychological strains
Depression, anxiety, anger, hostility, irritability, inability to think clearly, forgetfulness
Primary Appraisal
Evaluation of whether a demand is stressful, and if it is, the implications of the stressor in terms of personal goals and well-being
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
GAS suggests that the body has a set of responses that allow it to adapt and function effectively in the face of stressful demands. -Alarm Reaction -Resistance -Exhaustion
Sabbatical
Gives employees the opportunity to take time off from work to engage in an alternate activity
Behavioral strains
Grinding one's teeth at night, being overly critical and bossy, excessive smoking, compulsive gum chewing
Type A Behavior Pattern
Have a strong sense of time urgency and tend to be impatient, hard-driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive, and even hostile. Influences the stress process itself. Directly linked to coronary heart disease and other physiological, psychological, and behavioral strains.
Supportive practices
Help employees manage and balance the demands that exist in the different roles they have.
Emotional support
Help people receive in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands.
Instrumental support
Help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly.
strong negative correlation (5)
Hindrance Stressors have a ________, ___________ ______________with organizational commitment
weak negative correlation (5)
Hindrance Stressors have a __________, ______________ ____________ with job performance
Physiological strains
Illness, high blood pressure, back pain, stomach aches
Example of Role Conflict
Incompatible demands within a single role Call operator in customer service
Benign Job Demands
Job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful
Stress audit
Managers ask questions about the nature of the jobs in their organization to estimate whether high stress levels may be a problem
Behavioral Coping Cognitive Coping
Methods of Coping
Work complexity
Refers to the degree to which the requirements of the work, in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities, tax or exceed the capabilities of the person who is responsible for performing the work.
Role overload
Occurs when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person simply cannot perform some or all of the roles very effectively.
Behavioral coping
Physical activities that are used to deal with a stressful situation.
immune system cardiovascular musculoskeletal gastrointestinal
Physiological Impacts
Work-family conflict
Refers to a special form of role conflict in which the demands of a work role hinder the fulfillment of the demands in a family role (or vice versa).
Time pressure
Refers to a strong sense that the amount of time you have to do a task is just not quite enough.
Financial uncertainty
Refers to conditions that create uncertainties with regard to the loss of livelihood, savings, or the ability to pay expenses
Hindrance stressors
Stressful demands that are perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment.
Challenge stressors
Stressful demands that are perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement.
Stressors
The demands that cause people to experience stress are called
Social support
The help that people receive when they are confronted with stressful demands.
Strains
The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed one's capacity or resources are called
Negative life events
They hinder the ability to achieve life goals and are associated with negative emotions.
Behavioral, emotion-focused coping activities
engage in alternative activities seek support vent
Stress
psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes and that tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources
Cognitive, problem-focused coping activities
strategizing self motivating changing priorities
Transactional Theory of Stress
theory explains how stressors are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions and appraisals
Behavioral, problem-focused coping actitivies
work harder seek assistance acquire additional resources