Chapter 5: Stress

Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused

Focus of Coping

Role ambiguity

Refers to the lack of information regarding what needs to be done in a role, as well as unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role. few instructions new employees

Work responsibility

Refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has to others.

Family time demands

Reflect the time that a person commits to participate in an array of family activities and responsibilities.

Daily hassles

Reflects the relatively minor day-to-day demands that get in the way of accomplishing the things that we really want to accomplish time consuming and stressful

Family Tie Demands Personal Development Positive Life Events

Types of Non-Work Challenge Stressors

Work-family conflict Negative Life Events Financial Uncertainty

Types of Non-Work Hindrance Stressors

Instrumental support Emotional Support

Types of Social Support

Physiological Strain Psychological Strain Behavioral Strain

Types of Strain Experienced

Time Pressure Work Complexity Work Responsibility

Types of Work Challenge Stressors

Role Conflict Role Ambiguity Role Overload Daily Hassles

Types of Work Hindrance Stressors

Example of Daily Hassles

Unecessary paperwork, office equipment malfunctions, interactions with abrassive co-workers, useless communication

Emotion-focused coping

Various ways in which people manage their own emotional reactions to stressful demands.

Relaxation techniques Cognitive-behavioral techniques Health and wellness programs

Ways to Reduce Strains

Secondary appraisal

When people determine how to cope with the various stressors they face "what should I do?" or "What can I do?"

Cognitive, emotion-focused coping activities

avoid, distance, ignore look for positive and negative reappraising

burnout

emotional, mental, physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis

Training interventions

Aimed at increasing job- related competencies and skills.

Role conflict

Refers to conflicting expectations that other people may have of us.

Cognitive coping

Thoughts that are involved in trying to deal with a stressful situation.

Problem-focused coping

Behaviors and cognitions intended to manage the stressful situation itself.

Coping

Behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands that they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands.

weak positive correlation (5)

Challenge Stressors have a _______, _________ _____________with job performance

moderate positive correlation (5)

Challenge Stressors have a ________, ____________ ______________ with organizational commitment

Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal

Components of Transactional Theory of Stress

Psychological strains

Depression, anxiety, anger, hostility, irritability, inability to think clearly, forgetfulness

Primary Appraisal

Evaluation of whether a demand is stressful, and if it is, the implications of the stressor in terms of personal goals and well-being

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

GAS suggests that the body has a set of responses that allow it to adapt and function effectively in the face of stressful demands. -Alarm Reaction -Resistance -Exhaustion

Sabbatical

Gives employees the opportunity to take time off from work to engage in an alternate activity

Behavioral strains

Grinding one's teeth at night, being overly critical and bossy, excessive smoking, compulsive gum chewing

Type A Behavior Pattern

Have a strong sense of time urgency and tend to be impatient, hard-driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive, and even hostile. Influences the stress process itself. Directly linked to coronary heart disease and other physiological, psychological, and behavioral strains.

Supportive practices

Help employees manage and balance the demands that exist in the different roles they have.

Emotional support

Help people receive in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands.

Instrumental support

Help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly.

strong negative correlation (5)

Hindrance Stressors have a ________, ___________ ______________with organizational commitment

weak negative correlation (5)

Hindrance Stressors have a __________, ______________ ____________ with job performance

Physiological strains

Illness, high blood pressure, back pain, stomach aches

Example of Role Conflict

Incompatible demands within a single role Call operator in customer service

Benign Job Demands

Job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful

Stress audit

Managers ask questions about the nature of the jobs in their organization to estimate whether high stress levels may be a problem

Behavioral Coping Cognitive Coping

Methods of Coping

Work complexity

Refers to the degree to which the requirements of the work, in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities, tax or exceed the capabilities of the person who is responsible for performing the work.

Role overload

Occurs when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person simply cannot perform some or all of the roles very effectively.

Behavioral coping

Physical activities that are used to deal with a stressful situation.

immune system cardiovascular musculoskeletal gastrointestinal

Physiological Impacts

Work-family conflict

Refers to a special form of role conflict in which the demands of a work role hinder the fulfillment of the demands in a family role (or vice versa).

Time pressure

Refers to a strong sense that the amount of time you have to do a task is just not quite enough.

Financial uncertainty

Refers to conditions that create uncertainties with regard to the loss of livelihood, savings, or the ability to pay expenses

Hindrance stressors

Stressful demands that are perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment.

Challenge stressors

Stressful demands that are perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement.

Stressors

The demands that cause people to experience stress are called

Social support

The help that people receive when they are confronted with stressful demands.

Strains

The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed one's capacity or resources are called

Negative life events

They hinder the ability to achieve life goals and are associated with negative emotions.

Behavioral, emotion-focused coping activities

engage in alternative activities seek support vent

Stress

psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes and that tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources

Cognitive, problem-focused coping activities

strategizing self motivating changing priorities

Transactional Theory of Stress

theory explains how stressors are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions and appraisals

Behavioral, problem-focused coping actitivies

work harder seek assistance acquire additional resources