Chapter 6 - Bones
the collarbone
clavicle
Part of this bone provides an anchor for the outer covering of the brain
ethmoid
Because of the hardness of bone, the bone cells need an open space to ____.
exit
to increase the angel between 2 bones
extension
In bone projections that help form joints are: head, condyle, and ____.
ramus
In bone the projection that help form joints - arm-like bar of bone
ramus
the most inferior part of the sternum
xiphoid process
Cheekbone
zygomatic
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
how many cervical vertebrae
7
____ is a hormone which lowers blood calcium when it gets too high. Mechanical control happens in response to stress on the bone.
Calcitonin
________ are little canals that interconnect the lacunae and the big canals and allow passage of nutrients through bone to get the cells.
Canaliculi
Capillaries grow into the area and macrophages clean up debris. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to the area and begin reconstructing bone. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that begin to connect broken ends. Some fibroblasts become tissue at this stage is called the fibrocartilage callus.
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
The structural unit of compact bone is called the osteon or ______ system
Haversian
another name for the central canal of an osteon
Haversian canal
A mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site. Bone cells begin to die and tissue becomes swollen, painful and inflamed.
Hematoma formation
During bony callus formation and the following several months remodeling occurs. Excess material outside the shaft is removed and compact bone is laid down to construct the shaft. The final structure will resemble unbroken bone because it is under the same set of mechanical stimuli
Remodeling
______ bone (cancellous bone) is composed of small needle like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculate and has much open space.
Spongy
1. Hematoma formation 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. remodeling
Steps to repair of the simple fracture
Medial bone of the forearm
Ulna
To move a bone away from the midline of the body
abduction
The socket into which the femur fits at hip joint
acetabulum
To move a bone toward the midline of the body
adduction
____ growth is osteoblasts beneath the periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external bone surface as osteoclasts on the endosteal surface remove bone (but more is built up than is broken down)
appositional
With a few exceptions all long bones have the same general structure. They are diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, endosteum and _____ ____.
articular cartilage
_____ _____ where long bones articulate at epiphyseal surfaces, the bony surfaces are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage with cushions the bone ends and absorbs stress during joint movement.
articular cartilage
the name of the 1st cervical vertebrae
atlas
The name of the second cervical vertebra
axis
Functions of bone tissue are support, protection, movement and ____ cell formation.
blood
hematopoiesis
blood formation cells
Each osteon is an elongated cylinder oriented along the long axis of the ______.
bone
_______ provides support framework that supports and anchors all soft organs
bone tissue
The fibrocartilage callus is converted to a hard bony callus of spongy bone by the action of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This begins 3-4 weeks post injury and continues until a firm union forms 2-3 months later.
bony callus formation
Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid found where ligaments, muscles, skin or muscle tendon overlie and rub against bone
bursae
Heel bone
calcaneus
___ is crucial for nerve implies conduction, muscle contraction, blood clotting and other processes.
calcium
Substance responsible for the hardness of bone
calcium salts
Small passageways that interconnect the osteocytes with openings in the bone to allow passage of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste
canaliculi
wrist bone
carpals
The human skeleton is initially made of _____ which are replaced by bone in the process of ossification.
cartilages
To move a limb in a circular pattern that describes a cone shape
circumduction
Intramembraneous ossification - mostly in flat bones ( cranial bones ) and _____.
clavicle
the most inferior part of the vertebral column
coccyx
All the ______ fibers in a particular lamella run in a single direction, while the collagen fibers in adjacent lamella always run in different directions resulting in a very strong structure able to withstand twisting and other mechanical stresses.
collagen
In endochondral ossification - first the perichondrium (dense ring of connective tissue surrounding cartilage) and becomes periosteum. Next a bone _______ forms around the hyaline cartilage model of the future bone in the area of diaphysis *then cartilage in the center calcifies and develops cavities
collar
A bone fracture - bone fragments into many pieces ( 3 or more - mostly in older people)
comminuted
type of fracture in which the bone fragments into many pieces
comminuted
Bones of different shapes contain different proportions of the two basic types of osseous tissue _____ and spongy bone.
compact
Microscopically, ______ bone is riddled with canals and passageways that serve as conduits for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
compact
____ bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous.
compact
A bone fracture - broken ends of bone procure through skin (bone out of skin)
compound
type of fracture in which the broken bone pierces the skin
compound
A bone fracture - bone is crushed (vertebrae)
compression
Type of fracture in which bone is crushed
compression
In bone the projection that help form joints - rounded articular projection
condyle
Suture between the frontal bone and parietal bone
coronal
name of the entire hip bone
coxal bone
In bone the projection - narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
crest
Bone _____ happens when bone is injured or added strength is required. The osteoblast activity needs a diet containing protein, vitamins (C,D,A) and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Mn)
deposition
A bone fracture - broken bone portion is pressed inward ( skull fracture)
depressed
Type of fracture in which the broken bone portion is pressed inward
depressed
_____ and openings in bones are fossae, sinuses, foramina and grooves
depressions
In endochondral ossification the _______ elongates and medullary cavity forms. Cartilage continues to be ossified.
diaphysis
________ "shaft" which constitutes the long axis of the bone. Constructed of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a cavity. The medulla cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow).
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
In _____ ossification the bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
endochondral
_____ internal bone surfaces are covered with a delicate connective tissue membrane. Covers the trabecular of spongy bone in the narrow cavities and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone.
endosteum
lining of the inside surfaces of a bone
endosteum
In bone the projection - raised area on or above a condyle
epicondyle
____ _____ remnant of the epiphyseal plate. After puberty the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate is converted to bone and no further growth is possible.
epiphyseal line
____ _____ in young bones, cartilage is present at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis. This is the growth area that allows bones to lengthen.
epiphyseal plate
______ "ends" or extremities. They are usually more expanded than the diaphyses. A thin layer of compact bone forms the exterior and the interior contains spongy bone.
epiphyses
End of a long bone
epiphysis
bone of the upper leg
femur
Intramembranous ossification - bone develops from _____ membranes
fibrous
contains lateral malleolus
fibula
In bone depression and openings - narrow slit like opening
fissure
____bones are thin, flattened and usually a bit curved, they have two roughly parallel compact bones surfaces, with a layer of spongy bone (dipole) between. Examples include the sternum, ribs, and most of the skull bones.
flat
To reduce the angle between two bones
flexion
In bone depression and openings - round or oval opening through a bone
foramen
part of the occipital bone which is a large opening for the spinal cord
foramen magnum
In bone depressions and openings - meatus, sinus, _____ fissure, and foramen.
fossa
In bone depressions and openings - shallow basin-like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface
fossa
forehead bone
frontal
the specific structure that articulates with the humerus at the shoulder
glenoid cavity
fibrous joint in which a tooth is attached to its socket
gomphosis
A bone fracture - bone breaks incompletely similar to a green twig ( baby bones - soft - no calcium)
greenstick
Type of bone fracture - simple, compound, comminuted, compression, depressed, impacted, spiral, and _________.
greenstick
type of fracture in which the bone breaks incompletely similar to a green twig
greenstick
In bone the projection that help form joints - bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
head
Blood cell formation _________ occurs within the marrow cavities of the bones.
hematopoiesis
Bones display bulges, depressions and ___.
holes
______ control is focused on maintaining enough calcium in the blood.
hormonal
upper arm bone
humerus
The inorganic components consist of ______ (mineral salts), largely calcium phosphate. Calcium salts are present in the form of tiny crystals, which accounts for bones hardness.
hydroxyapatites
Upper bone of the fused hip bone
ilium
A bone fracture - broken bone ends are forced into each other
impacted
type of fracture in which the broken bone ends are forced into each other
impacted
Bone is made of both organic and _____ components.
inorganic
_____ growth is growth of bone at the epiphyseal plate. New hyaline cartilage is laid down on the epiphyseal-facing side and is subsequently ossified on the diaphysis facing side
interstitial
In _________ ossification the outer edges become compact bone
intramembranous
Ossification can be accomplished by _____ or endochondral ossification.
intramembranous
Bones come in varying sizes and shapes with each unique shape fulfilling a particular function or need. The shapes are long, short, flat and _____.
irregular
_____bones, fit none of the previous classes. Include some skull bones, vertebrae, and hip bones. Have complicated shapes and consist mainly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layers of compact bone.
irregular
the lower bone of the fused hip bone that is more posterior
ischium
tears drain through a foramen in this bone
lacrimal
hollowed out spaces in bone where osteocytes are located
lacuna
Suture between the occipital bone and parietal bones
lambdoid
Osteons appear as tiny weight-bearing pillars composed of a group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, one placed inside the next. Each of the tubes is called a _______.
lamella
Rings of bone that make up the osteon
lamella
Bone tissue movement ..... skeletal muscles use the bones as _____ to move the body.
levers
____ bones are longer than they are wide. Reflects the elongated shape rather than the overall size. Consists of a shaft plus two ends and are constructed primarily of compact bone, but contain substantial amounts of spongy bone.
long
When calcium in the blood is too ____, parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity leading to an increase of blood calcium
low
only moveable bone of the skull
mandible
The most superior part of the sternum
manubrium
Osteocytes function to maintain bone ____ and to monitor stress on bones in order to direct bone remodeling.
matrix
Keystone bone of face
maxilla
In bone depressions and openings - canal like passage way
meatus
The bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it - ( ____ stress and gravity).
mechanical
Running a right angles to long axis are canals (perforating or Volkmann's canals) which connect the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum to those in the central canals and _______ cavity.
medullary
bones of the palm
metacarpals
the most important stabilizing factor for joints
muscle tone
Running through the core of each osteon is a canal (central or Haversian canal) which contains small blood vessels and _____ fibers.
nerve
The other long bones share simple design. They consist of thin plates of periosteum covered compact bone on the outside of the __________ covered spongy bone (dipole)within. They have no shaft or epiphyses.
nostrum
Bones can be classified by two types of ____ tissue.
osseous
The cartilages which remain after ____ are the following: hyaline cartilage (covers ends of bones at movable joints, connect ribs to sternum, forms larynx, supports external nose), elastic cartilage (external ear, epiglottis) and fibrocartilage (knee menisci, intervertebral disks).
ossification
In endochondral ossification - secondary ossification centers formed in the epiphyses. *epiphyses then ______. The only remaining hyaline cartilage is the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage.
ossify
____ are bone forming cells
osteoblasts
Both the periosteum and endosteum are composed of the following types of cells: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and ____.
osteoclasts
_____ are bone destroying cells
osteoclasts
Compact bone has numerous lacunae which are hollowed-out spaces where ______ live.
osteocytes
________ have cellular extensions that can contact each other through the canaliculi. Where they meet, they form gap junctions to transfer nutrients from one cell to another.
osteocytes
____ cells give rise to osteoblasts
osteogenic
The organic components consist of cells and the _____ (organic part of the matrix, made of ground substance and collagen).
osteoid
All bones of the limbs, except for the _____, wrist, and ankle bones are long bones.
patella
another name for Volkmann's canal which go through compact bone perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
perforating canals
In endochondral ossification a ____ _____ (consists of artery, vein, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, red marrow, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts) invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms.
periosteal bud
______ the outer surface of the diaphysis which is covered and protected by a double layered membrane. Provides an insertion or anchoring point for tendons and ligaments. It is secured to the bone by perforating (Sharpey's) fibers which are made of collagen.
periosteum
outer covering of a bone
periosteum
bones of fingers and toes
phalanges
_______ in bones that grow outward from the bone surface include: heads, trochanters, spines etc.
projections
the lower bone of the fused hip bone that is more anterior
pubis
Bone is dynamic, active tissue which continually changes. About 5-7% of bone is _____ each week by bone deposition (via osteoblasts) and bone respiration (via osteoclasts) at both the surface of the periosteum and endosteum (assisted by the stress-sensing osteocytes).
remodeled
Bone _____ happens when osteoclasts digest the organic matrix of bone and convert calcium salts into soluble form that passes easily into solution, eventually to the blood.
resorption
to turn or twist a bone around its own long axis
rotation
composed of 5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
suture between the two parietal bones
sagittal
This bone forms the posterior part of the pectoral girdle
scapula
Bones can be classified by ____
shape
_____bones : roughly tubelike, containing mostly spongy bone. Comprise bones of the wrist and ankle. Vary in size and number in different individuals.
short
A bone fracture - bone breaks cleanly, does not penetrate the skin (skin is closed)
simple
type of fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly, does not penetrate the skin
simple
In bone depressions and openings - cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
sinus
Bones are rarely ___.
smooth
Keystone of the cranium
sphenoid
In bone the projection - slender, often pointed projections
spine
Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: tuberosity, crest, trochanter, tubercle, epicondyle and ____.
spine
A bone fracture - ragged break occurring when excessive twisting forces are applied to bones (mostly in children)
spiral
Type of fracture in which a ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone
spiral
_____ bones consist of trabecular which are positioned where the bone is stressed. Only a few layers thick, the trabecular contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi. No osteons are present.
spongy
Suture between the temporal bone and parietal bone
squamous
The joint that joins the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton
sternoclavicualr
Fibrous joint between skull bones
suture
cartilaginous joint in which the bar or plate in the middle is fibrocartilage
symphysis
cartilaginous joint in which the bar or plate in the middle is hyaline cartilage
synchondrosis
fibrous joint in which bones are interconnected by a ligament or interosseous membrane
syndesmosis
type of joint that features a fluid filled cavity and bone surfaces covered with articular cartilage
synovial
the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia
talus
Contains the opening to the inner ear
temporal
The osteoid makes up 1/3 of the matrix, which contributes to bones structure, flexibility, and ______ strength.
tensile
Bone Tissue - protection - full and vertebrae surrounded soft tissue of the nervous system, and the rib cage protects vital ______ organs
thoracic
Leg bones act as pillars to support the body trunk, and the ribs support the ______ wall.
thorax
Weight bearing bone of the lower leg
tibia
Intramembranous ossification - osteoid is laid down in a random manner between embryonic blood vessels, giving rise to _____.
trabeculae
The _____ form an open network which is filled with bone marrow.
trabeculae
Thin, irregular spike of spongy bone
trabeculae
Location of hematopoietic tissue: red marrow (blood forming tissue) is found in the ______ cavities in long bones (especially the head of the femur and humerus) and in the dipole of flat bones (especially in the sternum).
trabecular
In bone the projection - very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
trochanter
In bone the projection - small rounded projection or process
tubercle
In bone the projection - large and rounded
tuberosity
Interstitial lamellae(incomplete ones) can be seen between osteons. Circumferential lamellae are found next to the periosteum and extend around the entire circumference of the bone to help the bone resist _______.
twisting