Chapter 6 - Bones

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the collarbone

clavicle

Part of this bone provides an anchor for the outer covering of the brain

ethmoid

Because of the hardness of bone, the bone cells need an open space to ____.

exit

to increase the angel between 2 bones

extension

In bone projections that help form joints are: head, condyle, and ____.

ramus

In bone the projection that help form joints - arm-like bar of bone

ramus

the most inferior part of the sternum

xiphoid process

Cheekbone

zygomatic

how many thoracic vertebrae

12

how many lumbar vertebrae

5

how many cervical vertebrae

7

____ is a hormone which lowers blood calcium when it gets too high. Mechanical control happens in response to stress on the bone.

Calcitonin

________ are little canals that interconnect the lacunae and the big canals and allow passage of nutrients through bone to get the cells.

Canaliculi

Capillaries grow into the area and macrophages clean up debris. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to the area and begin reconstructing bone. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that begin to connect broken ends. Some fibroblasts become tissue at this stage is called the fibrocartilage callus.

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

The structural unit of compact bone is called the osteon or ______ system

Haversian

another name for the central canal of an osteon

Haversian canal

A mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site. Bone cells begin to die and tissue becomes swollen, painful and inflamed.

Hematoma formation

During bony callus formation and the following several months remodeling occurs. Excess material outside the shaft is removed and compact bone is laid down to construct the shaft. The final structure will resemble unbroken bone because it is under the same set of mechanical stimuli

Remodeling

______ bone (cancellous bone) is composed of small needle like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculate and has much open space.

Spongy

1. Hematoma formation 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. remodeling

Steps to repair of the simple fracture

Medial bone of the forearm

Ulna

To move a bone away from the midline of the body

abduction

The socket into which the femur fits at hip joint

acetabulum

To move a bone toward the midline of the body

adduction

____ growth is osteoblasts beneath the periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external bone surface as osteoclasts on the endosteal surface remove bone (but more is built up than is broken down)

appositional

With a few exceptions all long bones have the same general structure. They are diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, endosteum and _____ ____.

articular cartilage

_____ _____ where long bones articulate at epiphyseal surfaces, the bony surfaces are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage with cushions the bone ends and absorbs stress during joint movement.

articular cartilage

the name of the 1st cervical vertebrae

atlas

The name of the second cervical vertebra

axis

Functions of bone tissue are support, protection, movement and ____ cell formation.

blood

hematopoiesis

blood formation cells

Each osteon is an elongated cylinder oriented along the long axis of the ______.

bone

_______ provides support framework that supports and anchors all soft organs

bone tissue

The fibrocartilage callus is converted to a hard bony callus of spongy bone by the action of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This begins 3-4 weeks post injury and continues until a firm union forms 2-3 months later.

bony callus formation

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid found where ligaments, muscles, skin or muscle tendon overlie and rub against bone

bursae

Heel bone

calcaneus

___ is crucial for nerve implies conduction, muscle contraction, blood clotting and other processes.

calcium

Substance responsible for the hardness of bone

calcium salts

Small passageways that interconnect the osteocytes with openings in the bone to allow passage of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste

canaliculi

wrist bone

carpals

The human skeleton is initially made of _____ which are replaced by bone in the process of ossification.

cartilages

To move a limb in a circular pattern that describes a cone shape

circumduction

Intramembraneous ossification - mostly in flat bones ( cranial bones ) and _____.

clavicle

the most inferior part of the vertebral column

coccyx

All the ______ fibers in a particular lamella run in a single direction, while the collagen fibers in adjacent lamella always run in different directions resulting in a very strong structure able to withstand twisting and other mechanical stresses.

collagen

In endochondral ossification - first the perichondrium (dense ring of connective tissue surrounding cartilage) and becomes periosteum. Next a bone _______ forms around the hyaline cartilage model of the future bone in the area of diaphysis *then cartilage in the center calcifies and develops cavities

collar

A bone fracture - bone fragments into many pieces ( 3 or more - mostly in older people)

comminuted

type of fracture in which the bone fragments into many pieces

comminuted

Bones of different shapes contain different proportions of the two basic types of osseous tissue _____ and spongy bone.

compact

Microscopically, ______ bone is riddled with canals and passageways that serve as conduits for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

compact

____ bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous.

compact

A bone fracture - broken ends of bone procure through skin (bone out of skin)

compound

type of fracture in which the broken bone pierces the skin

compound

A bone fracture - bone is crushed (vertebrae)

compression

Type of fracture in which bone is crushed

compression

In bone the projection that help form joints - rounded articular projection

condyle

Suture between the frontal bone and parietal bone

coronal

name of the entire hip bone

coxal bone

In bone the projection - narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

crest

Bone _____ happens when bone is injured or added strength is required. The osteoblast activity needs a diet containing protein, vitamins (C,D,A) and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Mn)

deposition

A bone fracture - broken bone portion is pressed inward ( skull fracture)

depressed

Type of fracture in which the broken bone portion is pressed inward

depressed

_____ and openings in bones are fossae, sinuses, foramina and grooves

depressions

In endochondral ossification the _______ elongates and medullary cavity forms. Cartilage continues to be ossified.

diaphysis

________ "shaft" which constitutes the long axis of the bone. Constructed of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a cavity. The medulla cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow).

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

In _____ ossification the bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

endochondral

_____ internal bone surfaces are covered with a delicate connective tissue membrane. Covers the trabecular of spongy bone in the narrow cavities and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone.

endosteum

lining of the inside surfaces of a bone

endosteum

In bone the projection - raised area on or above a condyle

epicondyle

____ _____ remnant of the epiphyseal plate. After puberty the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate is converted to bone and no further growth is possible.

epiphyseal line

____ _____ in young bones, cartilage is present at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis. This is the growth area that allows bones to lengthen.

epiphyseal plate

______ "ends" or extremities. They are usually more expanded than the diaphyses. A thin layer of compact bone forms the exterior and the interior contains spongy bone.

epiphyses

End of a long bone

epiphysis

bone of the upper leg

femur

Intramembranous ossification - bone develops from _____ membranes

fibrous

contains lateral malleolus

fibula

In bone depression and openings - narrow slit like opening

fissure

____bones are thin, flattened and usually a bit curved, they have two roughly parallel compact bones surfaces, with a layer of spongy bone (dipole) between. Examples include the sternum, ribs, and most of the skull bones.

flat

To reduce the angle between two bones

flexion

In bone depression and openings - round or oval opening through a bone

foramen

part of the occipital bone which is a large opening for the spinal cord

foramen magnum

In bone depressions and openings - meatus, sinus, _____ fissure, and foramen.

fossa

In bone depressions and openings - shallow basin-like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface

fossa

forehead bone

frontal

the specific structure that articulates with the humerus at the shoulder

glenoid cavity

fibrous joint in which a tooth is attached to its socket

gomphosis

A bone fracture - bone breaks incompletely similar to a green twig ( baby bones - soft - no calcium)

greenstick

Type of bone fracture - simple, compound, comminuted, compression, depressed, impacted, spiral, and _________.

greenstick

type of fracture in which the bone breaks incompletely similar to a green twig

greenstick

In bone the projection that help form joints - bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

head

Blood cell formation _________ occurs within the marrow cavities of the bones.

hematopoiesis

Bones display bulges, depressions and ___.

holes

______ control is focused on maintaining enough calcium in the blood.

hormonal

upper arm bone

humerus

The inorganic components consist of ______ (mineral salts), largely calcium phosphate. Calcium salts are present in the form of tiny crystals, which accounts for bones hardness.

hydroxyapatites

Upper bone of the fused hip bone

ilium

A bone fracture - broken bone ends are forced into each other

impacted

type of fracture in which the broken bone ends are forced into each other

impacted

Bone is made of both organic and _____ components.

inorganic

_____ growth is growth of bone at the epiphyseal plate. New hyaline cartilage is laid down on the epiphyseal-facing side and is subsequently ossified on the diaphysis facing side

interstitial

In _________ ossification the outer edges become compact bone

intramembranous

Ossification can be accomplished by _____ or endochondral ossification.

intramembranous

Bones come in varying sizes and shapes with each unique shape fulfilling a particular function or need. The shapes are long, short, flat and _____.

irregular

_____bones, fit none of the previous classes. Include some skull bones, vertebrae, and hip bones. Have complicated shapes and consist mainly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layers of compact bone.

irregular

the lower bone of the fused hip bone that is more posterior

ischium

tears drain through a foramen in this bone

lacrimal

hollowed out spaces in bone where osteocytes are located

lacuna

Suture between the occipital bone and parietal bones

lambdoid

Osteons appear as tiny weight-bearing pillars composed of a group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, one placed inside the next. Each of the tubes is called a _______.

lamella

Rings of bone that make up the osteon

lamella

Bone tissue movement ..... skeletal muscles use the bones as _____ to move the body.

levers

____ bones are longer than they are wide. Reflects the elongated shape rather than the overall size. Consists of a shaft plus two ends and are constructed primarily of compact bone, but contain substantial amounts of spongy bone.

long

When calcium in the blood is too ____, parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity leading to an increase of blood calcium

low

only moveable bone of the skull

mandible

The most superior part of the sternum

manubrium

Osteocytes function to maintain bone ____ and to monitor stress on bones in order to direct bone remodeling.

matrix

Keystone bone of face

maxilla

In bone depressions and openings - canal like passage way

meatus

The bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it - ( ____ stress and gravity).

mechanical

Running a right angles to long axis are canals (perforating or Volkmann's canals) which connect the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum to those in the central canals and _______ cavity.

medullary

bones of the palm

metacarpals

the most important stabilizing factor for joints

muscle tone

Running through the core of each osteon is a canal (central or Haversian canal) which contains small blood vessels and _____ fibers.

nerve

The other long bones share simple design. They consist of thin plates of periosteum covered compact bone on the outside of the __________ covered spongy bone (dipole)within. They have no shaft or epiphyses.

nostrum

Bones can be classified by two types of ____ tissue.

osseous

The cartilages which remain after ____ are the following: hyaline cartilage (covers ends of bones at movable joints, connect ribs to sternum, forms larynx, supports external nose), elastic cartilage (external ear, epiglottis) and fibrocartilage (knee menisci, intervertebral disks).

ossification

In endochondral ossification - secondary ossification centers formed in the epiphyses. *epiphyses then ______. The only remaining hyaline cartilage is the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage.

ossify

____ are bone forming cells

osteoblasts

Both the periosteum and endosteum are composed of the following types of cells: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and ____.

osteoclasts

_____ are bone destroying cells

osteoclasts

Compact bone has numerous lacunae which are hollowed-out spaces where ______ live.

osteocytes

________ have cellular extensions that can contact each other through the canaliculi. Where they meet, they form gap junctions to transfer nutrients from one cell to another.

osteocytes

____ cells give rise to osteoblasts

osteogenic

The organic components consist of cells and the _____ (organic part of the matrix, made of ground substance and collagen).

osteoid

All bones of the limbs, except for the _____, wrist, and ankle bones are long bones.

patella

another name for Volkmann's canal which go through compact bone perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

perforating canals

In endochondral ossification a ____ _____ (consists of artery, vein, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, red marrow, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts) invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms.

periosteal bud

______ the outer surface of the diaphysis which is covered and protected by a double layered membrane. Provides an insertion or anchoring point for tendons and ligaments. It is secured to the bone by perforating (Sharpey's) fibers which are made of collagen.

periosteum

outer covering of a bone

periosteum

bones of fingers and toes

phalanges

_______ in bones that grow outward from the bone surface include: heads, trochanters, spines etc.

projections

the lower bone of the fused hip bone that is more anterior

pubis

Bone is dynamic, active tissue which continually changes. About 5-7% of bone is _____ each week by bone deposition (via osteoblasts) and bone respiration (via osteoclasts) at both the surface of the periosteum and endosteum (assisted by the stress-sensing osteocytes).

remodeled

Bone _____ happens when osteoclasts digest the organic matrix of bone and convert calcium salts into soluble form that passes easily into solution, eventually to the blood.

resorption

to turn or twist a bone around its own long axis

rotation

composed of 5 fused vertebrae

sacrum

suture between the two parietal bones

sagittal

This bone forms the posterior part of the pectoral girdle

scapula

Bones can be classified by ____

shape

_____bones : roughly tubelike, containing mostly spongy bone. Comprise bones of the wrist and ankle. Vary in size and number in different individuals.

short

A bone fracture - bone breaks cleanly, does not penetrate the skin (skin is closed)

simple

type of fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly, does not penetrate the skin

simple

In bone depressions and openings - cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

sinus

Bones are rarely ___.

smooth

Keystone of the cranium

sphenoid

In bone the projection - slender, often pointed projections

spine

Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: tuberosity, crest, trochanter, tubercle, epicondyle and ____.

spine

A bone fracture - ragged break occurring when excessive twisting forces are applied to bones (mostly in children)

spiral

Type of fracture in which a ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone

spiral

_____ bones consist of trabecular which are positioned where the bone is stressed. Only a few layers thick, the trabecular contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi. No osteons are present.

spongy

Suture between the temporal bone and parietal bone

squamous

The joint that joins the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton

sternoclavicualr

Fibrous joint between skull bones

suture

cartilaginous joint in which the bar or plate in the middle is fibrocartilage

symphysis

cartilaginous joint in which the bar or plate in the middle is hyaline cartilage

synchondrosis

fibrous joint in which bones are interconnected by a ligament or interosseous membrane

syndesmosis

type of joint that features a fluid filled cavity and bone surfaces covered with articular cartilage

synovial

the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia

talus

Contains the opening to the inner ear

temporal

The osteoid makes up 1/3 of the matrix, which contributes to bones structure, flexibility, and ______ strength.

tensile

Bone Tissue - protection - full and vertebrae surrounded soft tissue of the nervous system, and the rib cage protects vital ______ organs

thoracic

Leg bones act as pillars to support the body trunk, and the ribs support the ______ wall.

thorax

Weight bearing bone of the lower leg

tibia

Intramembranous ossification - osteoid is laid down in a random manner between embryonic blood vessels, giving rise to _____.

trabeculae

The _____ form an open network which is filled with bone marrow.

trabeculae

Thin, irregular spike of spongy bone

trabeculae

Location of hematopoietic tissue: red marrow (blood forming tissue) is found in the ______ cavities in long bones (especially the head of the femur and humerus) and in the dipole of flat bones (especially in the sternum).

trabecular

In bone the projection - very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

trochanter

In bone the projection - small rounded projection or process

tubercle

In bone the projection - large and rounded

tuberosity

Interstitial lamellae(incomplete ones) can be seen between osteons. Circumferential lamellae are found next to the periosteum and extend around the entire circumference of the bone to help the bone resist _______.

twisting


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