Chapter 5: Understanding Children from Birth to Age Two

infant

A child is called a (n) ____________ during the first year after birth.

separation anxiety

A child's difficulty in separating from parents, often occurring between 6 and 15 months of age.

head

According to the cephalocaudal principle, what develops first?

false

According to the principle of proximodistal devel. the fingers and toes develop first.

gross

Activities such as running, skipping, and bike riding fall into __________ motor development.

reflex

An automatic body response to a stimulus. At birth, an infant's physical abilities are limited to reflexes.

7 1/2 pounds

An infant's average weight at birth.

object permanence

An understanding that objects continue to exist even if a person cannot seem them.

physical

Changes in bone thickness, vision, and hearing are all part of ____________ development.

deferred imitation

Children demonstrate _____________ by watching another behavior acting it out later.

false

Crawling is the movement in which infants support their weight on their hands and knees

fine

Grasping, holding, cutting, and drawing require ________ motor skills.

true

Growth is rapid during the first two years of life.

true

Hitching is a movement where babies move their arms and legs and slide the buttocks.

24

If a baby in 6 pounds at birth, he/she will be approx. _______ pounds at two years of age.

true

Most infants are first able to turn from the stomach to the back, then back to stomach.

false

New movements tend to develop in fingers and toes and move inward.

motor sequence

Order in which a child is able to perform new movements. Motor sequence depends on the development of the brain and nerves.

temperament

Quality and intensity of children's emotional reactions to their environment, such as passivity, irritability, and activity patterns.

survival reflex

Reflex that is necessary for life.

false

Telegraphic speech consists of four-word phrases.

20

The average newborn infant measures __________ inches.

7 1/2

The average weight of a baby at birth is __________ pounds.

attachment

The strong emotional connection that develops between people.

motor sequence

The term _____ refers to the order in which a child is able to perform new movements.

preschooler

The term which describes a child who is between the ages of three and six years is _________

object permanence

The understanding that objects exist even if you cannot see them is known as ____________.

temperment

The way a child reacts to his or her environment reflects the child's ____________ .

True

There are weight and height differences between boys and girls by two years of age

stepping or walking reflex

This reflex can be observed in full-term babies. When an infant is held so the feet are flat on a surface, the infant will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion.

Rooting reflex

This reflex causes infants to turn their heads toward anything that brushes their faces. This action helps them find a food source such as a nipple.

Babinski reflex

This reflex is present at birth in babies who are born at full term. Infants will fan out and curl and the foot twists in.

Moro reflex

This reflex is sometimes referred to as the "startle reflex." It occurs when a newborn is startled by a noise or sudden movement. The infant will react by flinging the arms and legs outward and extending the head. Then the infant will quickly draw the arms together, crying loudly.

true

To crawl, the child pulls with the arms and wiggles the stomach.

true

Toddlers love to explore, but do not understand the dangers involved.

telegraphic speech

Two-word phrases used by toddlers when they first learn to combine words.

deferred imitation

Watching another person's behavior, then acting out that behavior. This occurs between eighteen and twenty-four months.

hereditary and environment

What are the two main forces that influence cognitive development?

separation anxiety

When a child is unhappy because a caregiver is leaving, the child is showing ____________.

True

When normal reflexes are not present in infants, it may be a sign of brain or nerve damage.

Palmar grasp reflex

When you touch the infant's palms, the hands will grip tightly.

social-emotional

_______ development involves learning to relate to others and refining feelings and expressions

fine motor

_________ development involves skills which relate to the small muscles.

gross motor

_________ development involves the improvement of skills using large muscles.

attachment

_____________ behaviors show that infants care and respond to certain people who are important.

cognitive

_____________ development refers to the mental processes used to gain knowledge.

physical

________________ development refers to changes in the body.