Chapter 5: Understanding Children from Birth to Age Two
infant
A child is called a (n) ____________ during the first year after birth.
separation anxiety
A child's difficulty in separating from parents, often occurring between 6 and 15 months of age.
head
According to the cephalocaudal principle, what develops first?
false
According to the principle of proximodistal devel. the fingers and toes develop first.
gross
Activities such as running, skipping, and bike riding fall into __________ motor development.
reflex
An automatic body response to a stimulus. At birth, an infant's physical abilities are limited to reflexes.
7 1/2 pounds
An infant's average weight at birth.
object permanence
An understanding that objects continue to exist even if a person cannot seem them.
physical
Changes in bone thickness, vision, and hearing are all part of ____________ development.
deferred imitation
Children demonstrate _____________ by watching another behavior acting it out later.
false
Crawling is the movement in which infants support their weight on their hands and knees
fine
Grasping, holding, cutting, and drawing require ________ motor skills.
true
Growth is rapid during the first two years of life.
true
Hitching is a movement where babies move their arms and legs and slide the buttocks.
24
If a baby in 6 pounds at birth, he/she will be approx. _______ pounds at two years of age.
true
Most infants are first able to turn from the stomach to the back, then back to stomach.
false
New movements tend to develop in fingers and toes and move inward.
motor sequence
Order in which a child is able to perform new movements. Motor sequence depends on the development of the brain and nerves.
temperament
Quality and intensity of children's emotional reactions to their environment, such as passivity, irritability, and activity patterns.
survival reflex
Reflex that is necessary for life.
false
Telegraphic speech consists of four-word phrases.
20
The average newborn infant measures __________ inches.
7 1/2
The average weight of a baby at birth is __________ pounds.
attachment
The strong emotional connection that develops between people.
motor sequence
The term _____ refers to the order in which a child is able to perform new movements.
preschooler
The term which describes a child who is between the ages of three and six years is _________
object permanence
The understanding that objects exist even if you cannot see them is known as ____________.
temperment
The way a child reacts to his or her environment reflects the child's ____________ .
True
There are weight and height differences between boys and girls by two years of age
stepping or walking reflex
This reflex can be observed in full-term babies. When an infant is held so the feet are flat on a surface, the infant will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion.
Rooting reflex
This reflex causes infants to turn their heads toward anything that brushes their faces. This action helps them find a food source such as a nipple.
Babinski reflex
This reflex is present at birth in babies who are born at full term. Infants will fan out and curl and the foot twists in.
Moro reflex
This reflex is sometimes referred to as the "startle reflex." It occurs when a newborn is startled by a noise or sudden movement. The infant will react by flinging the arms and legs outward and extending the head. Then the infant will quickly draw the arms together, crying loudly.
true
To crawl, the child pulls with the arms and wiggles the stomach.
true
Toddlers love to explore, but do not understand the dangers involved.
telegraphic speech
Two-word phrases used by toddlers when they first learn to combine words.
deferred imitation
Watching another person's behavior, then acting out that behavior. This occurs between eighteen and twenty-four months.
hereditary and environment
What are the two main forces that influence cognitive development?
separation anxiety
When a child is unhappy because a caregiver is leaving, the child is showing ____________.
True
When normal reflexes are not present in infants, it may be a sign of brain or nerve damage.
Palmar grasp reflex
When you touch the infant's palms, the hands will grip tightly.
social-emotional
_______ development involves learning to relate to others and refining feelings and expressions
fine motor
_________ development involves skills which relate to the small muscles.
gross motor
_________ development involves the improvement of skills using large muscles.
attachment
_____________ behaviors show that infants care and respond to certain people who are important.
cognitive
_____________ development refers to the mental processes used to gain knowledge.
physical
________________ development refers to changes in the body.
