Chapter 5+6 test 1

In whom are fully developed mammary glands found?

In lactating females

which of the following is not a feature that connective tissue have in common

a calcified matrix

the membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called ___

a mucous membrane (mucosa)

which of the following is not a feature of epithelia

abundant extracellular material

new triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in ___

adipose tissue

the hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue

adipose tissue

which of the following is NOT a category of connective tissue

aerobic connective tissue

a hair cycle consists of three developments stages in which order?

anagen, catagen, telogen

Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of __________ glands that are absent on slides of the scalp.

apocrine

mammary glands are modified ___ glands that develop within the female breast

apocrine

the ___ glands are a source of sex pheromones

apocrine

it is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. this is a consequence of ___ in human breast cells

apoptosis

an example of a highly vascular tissue is ___ tissue

areolar

___ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes

areolar tissue

the "ABCD" rule for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to which of the following characteristics of the potentially dangerous moles

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter

the membrane that lines the lumens surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of ___

aureola tissue and lamina propria

basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum ___

basale

stratum basale

basement layer

what are the four features of epithelia

basement membrane, polarity, avascular, and specialized intracellular junctions

what is the pH level of a sweat gland

between 4 and 6 pH

How would the genetic inheritance of a gene producing abnormal gap junctions effect muscle tissue?

cardiac muscle and some smooth muscle would function abnormally, skeletal muscle would be unaffected

an example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ___

cartilage

which of the following parts of a neuron receive and process information

cell body

parenchyma

cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion, typically cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium

____ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal

cerumen

the rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by ____, whereas ___ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue

chondroblasts, fibroblasts

the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of ____ tissue

epithelial

the basement membrane is found between ___ and ____

epithelium, connective tissue

The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called

eponychium

Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________.

eumelarin and phenomelanin

where can stem cells be found

everywhere in your body

______ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.

excitable

true or false: Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells.

false

true or false: The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface.

false

true or false: adipose tissue is a type of dense connective tissue

false

true or false: adult stem cells are usually pluripotent

false

true or false: blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements

false

true or false: connective tissues contain abundant cells that are in contact with one another

false

true or false: debridement is not necessary to infection control

false

true or false: dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells

false

true or false: embarrassment can be perceived by an abnormal coloration of the skin called cyanosis

false

true or false: freckles are elevated patches with an abnormal coloration of the skin

false

true or false: hair and nails are composed of collagen

false

true or false: living keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermis as tiny specks called dander

false

true or false: merocrine sweat glands are associated with hair follicles in the pubic and anal regions, axilla, areola, and beard

false

true or false: nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin

false

true or false: plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissue

false

true or false: the deeper of the two layers of skin is called the hypodermis

false

true or false: the process of a cell changing types to respond to its environment is called neoplasia

false

true or false: the sudden death of tissue (such as cardiac muscle or brain tissue) due to a complete cut off of blood supply is called gangrene.

false

adipocyte

fat cells

which of the following is not found in the epidermis

fibroblasts

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called

fibrosis

the four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except ___ tissue

fibrous

Skin covering the __________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

fingertips

the most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns is

fluid loss

Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope, you note that the stratum basale is the __________ layer of the epidermis in from the surface.

fourth

some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have ____ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membrane

goblet

which of the following is NOT a feature that almost all connective tissue have in common

ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope

hyperplasia

growth through cell multiplication

a pilus is a ___

hair

The base where a hair follicle originates in the skin is known as the __________.

hair bulb

each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a ___

hair follicle

the contraction of the arrector muscles in humans causes ___

hairs to stand on end with no apparent function

heparin

helps prevent blood clotting

the skin discoloration is most likely to suggest physical abuse is ___

hematoma

the reddish color of the skin of the lops is primarily due to the presence of which pigment

hemoglobin

excessive hairiness is called

hirsutism

a thin, striated slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called

histological section

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including ____

holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?

hyaline cartilage

marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. people with this syndrome have

hyperflexible joints

After six months of lifting weights at the gym you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to _______ of muscle cells.

hypertrophy

which of the following is not part of the skin

hypodermis

which of the following skin layers would a subcutaneous injection be administered

hypodermis

where are chondrocytes and osteocytes located

in lacunae

the skin is a barrier to what

infectious organisms, water, and UV rays

serous membrane

internal membrane, simple squamous epithelial resting on areolar tissue. produces fluid that arises from blood and covers organs and lines walls of body cavity

Increased bilirubin levels cause a skin discoloration called __________.

jaundice

Calluses or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication by ___________.

keratinocytes

glomeruli

kidney cells

subcutaneous

layer of fat underneath the skin

the histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a ____ section

longitudinal

What is the white opaque "moon" often found at the proximal end of a fingernail called?

lunule

which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color

melanocytes

which of the following is found in the epidermis

melanocytes, stem cells, keratinocytes, and tactile cells

the least common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer is __

melanoma

which cutaneous glands are concerned with cooling the body

merocrine glands

the middle primary germ layer is called ____, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called ____, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and bone

mesoderm, mesenchyme

The skin is a barrier to all of the following except __________.

metals such as mercury

the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. this is an example of ___

metaplasia

a ___ is an elevated patch of melanized skin

mole

what are the features of almost all connective tissues have in common

most cells are not in direct contact with each other, cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material, protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance, and most connective tissues are highly vascular

Mucin is secreted by __________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid.

mucous, serous

mitosis is the __ amounts if growth of the nail

nail matrix

nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and ___

neuroglia

____ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the ____

nonkeratinized, vagina

which skin color is most likely to result from anemia

pallor

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.

phagocytize and digest tissue debris

functions of muscle tissue

produce body movement, organ movement, maintain posture, communication, control body opening, and production of heat

filaggrin

protein that binds keratin into tough bundles in the stratum granulosum

all cells in ____ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the surface have cilia

pseudo stratified columnar

tight junction between cells

release lipids and spreads all over surface of the cell which creates the water barrier on the surface

Leather is made of the __________ layer of the dermis.

reticular

where do squamous cell carcinoma usually appear

scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand

the oil of your scalp is secreted by ___ glands associated with the hair follicles

sebaceous

an epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called ___ epithelium

simple columnar

an epithelium with a single layer of tall cells would be classified as which type of epithelium?

simple columnar epithelium

a brush border of microvilli is found in ____ epithelium, which can be found in the _____

simple columnar, small intestine

most kidney tubules are made of ___ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion

simple cuboidal

rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ____ epithelium

simple squamous

____ is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ___ is associated with resistance to abrasion

single squamous epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium

which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs

smooth muscle

astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because

smooth muscle produces waves of contractions the propel material through the digestive system

stratum spinousum

spiny type of shape, dendritic cells to help clean up arthelium

which type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of the skin

stratified squamous epithelium

_____ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ___ epithelium is rare

stratified squamous, stratified columnar

The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the __________.

stratum basale

which layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells?

stratum corneum

which layer is seen only in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?

stratum spinous and stratum basale

skeletal muscle is described as ___

striated and voluntary

stratum corneum

surface, thickest layer, scratch and shed off dead cells, up to 30 layers

Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the ___________ membrane.

synovial

which of the following are associated with the sense of touch

tactile cells

collagenous fibers are very abundant in ___

tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in ___

the quantity of melanin produces

stratum lucidum

thin layer in thick skin, eleidin - protein

___ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue

third-degree

In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.

tight junctions

for the first couple of days after fertilization, human stem cells have the potential to develop into any tope of fully differential cell. because of this, they are called ___ stem cells

totipotent

blood functions to

transport nutrients to the tissues

true or false: albinism is the genetic lack of melanin that results in a milky white coloration of the skin

true

true or false: columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface

true

true or false: fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs

true

true or false: in an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix

true

true or false: melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene give color to the skin

true

true or false: mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood

true

true or false: most growth in childhood is the result of hyperplasia

true

true or false: neurons are a major type of cell found in the nervous tissue

true

true or false: one function of muscle tissue is to provide heat production

true

true or false: pattern baldness is relatively rare in women because women have lower testosterone levels than men

true

true or false: scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue

true

true or false: smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control

true

true or false: straight hair is round, wavy hair is oval, and curly hair is relatively flat

true

true or false: the acidity if sweat contributes to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth in the skin

true

true or false: the clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid?

true

true or false: the secretory product of a glad is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma

true

true or false: the skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin d

true

true or false: the youngest keratinocytes are found in the stratum basale

true

true or false: three forms of skin cancer are defined by the types of cells from which they originate

true

gland shapes

tubular - narrow secretory portion (sweat) acing - secretory cells for dilated sacs (mammary) tubuloacinar/tubuloalveolar - both tubular and acinar portions (pancreas)

what type of connective tissue is adipose tissue

type of loose connective tissue

found in the urinary bladder, ____ resembles ______ but the apical cells are rounded and not flattened

urothelium, stratified squamous epithelium

what are some features connective tissues have in common

very conspicuous fibers, presence of fibroblasts, the presence of collagen, and ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency

what are parts of the skin

epidermis, papillary layer, stratum basale, and dermis

what is the epidermis thickness on the palms and soles of feet

.5 mm

what is the epidermis thickness of the rest of the body

0.1 mm

what does the skin thickness range from

0.5 to 6 mm

most of the skin is __ mm thick

1-2

___ secrete ____ into _____

Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood

which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

collagen

which fo the following best describes the composition of the dermis

collagen and fibroblasts

a connective tissue fiber refers to an ____, a nerve fiber refers to an ____, and a muscle fiber refers to a ____

complex of macromolecules, part of a cell, entire cell

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.

compound acinar

four primary tissue types found in adult organs

connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscular

stratum granulosum

contain dark staining keratohyalin granules, 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes

the clear gel inside a cell is called

cytosol

which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?

dendritic cells

fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both ____ and ____

dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue

Blood vessels in the __________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition.

dermal papilla

fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our ___

dermal papillae

neoplasia

development of a tumor

histamine

dilates blood vessel

What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth?

downy (lanugo)

Secretions from __________ glands contribute to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin.

eccrine sweat

___ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ___ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products

eccrine, holocrine

the ___ gives rise to the ____

ectoderm, nervous system and epidermis

the shape of a persons external ear is due to the presence of ___

elastic cartilage

which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway?

elastic tissue

Which of the skin layers below is the most superficial?

epidermis