Chapter 5+6 test 1
In whom are fully developed mammary glands found?
In lactating females
which of the following is not a feature that connective tissue have in common
a calcified matrix
the membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called ___
a mucous membrane (mucosa)
which of the following is not a feature of epithelia
abundant extracellular material
new triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in ___
adipose tissue
the hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue
adipose tissue
which of the following is NOT a category of connective tissue
aerobic connective tissue
a hair cycle consists of three developments stages in which order?
anagen, catagen, telogen
Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of __________ glands that are absent on slides of the scalp.
apocrine
mammary glands are modified ___ glands that develop within the female breast
apocrine
the ___ glands are a source of sex pheromones
apocrine
it is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. this is a consequence of ___ in human breast cells
apoptosis
an example of a highly vascular tissue is ___ tissue
areolar
___ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes
areolar tissue
the "ABCD" rule for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to which of the following characteristics of the potentially dangerous moles
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
the membrane that lines the lumens surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of ___
aureola tissue and lamina propria
basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum ___
basale
stratum basale
basement layer
what are the four features of epithelia
basement membrane, polarity, avascular, and specialized intracellular junctions
what is the pH level of a sweat gland
between 4 and 6 pH
How would the genetic inheritance of a gene producing abnormal gap junctions effect muscle tissue?
cardiac muscle and some smooth muscle would function abnormally, skeletal muscle would be unaffected
an example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ___
cartilage
which of the following parts of a neuron receive and process information
cell body
parenchyma
cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion, typically cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium
____ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal
cerumen
the rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by ____, whereas ___ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue
chondroblasts, fibroblasts
the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of ____ tissue
epithelial
the basement membrane is found between ___ and ____
epithelium, connective tissue
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called
eponychium
Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________.
eumelarin and phenomelanin
where can stem cells be found
everywhere in your body
______ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.
excitable
true or false: Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells.
false
true or false: The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface.
false
true or false: adipose tissue is a type of dense connective tissue
false
true or false: adult stem cells are usually pluripotent
false
true or false: blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements
false
true or false: connective tissues contain abundant cells that are in contact with one another
false
true or false: debridement is not necessary to infection control
false
true or false: dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells
false
true or false: embarrassment can be perceived by an abnormal coloration of the skin called cyanosis
false
true or false: freckles are elevated patches with an abnormal coloration of the skin
false
true or false: hair and nails are composed of collagen
false
true or false: living keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermis as tiny specks called dander
false
true or false: merocrine sweat glands are associated with hair follicles in the pubic and anal regions, axilla, areola, and beard
false
true or false: nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin
false
true or false: plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissue
false
true or false: the deeper of the two layers of skin is called the hypodermis
false
true or false: the process of a cell changing types to respond to its environment is called neoplasia
false
true or false: the sudden death of tissue (such as cardiac muscle or brain tissue) due to a complete cut off of blood supply is called gangrene.
false
adipocyte
fat cells
which of the following is not found in the epidermis
fibroblasts
The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called
fibrosis
the four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except ___ tissue
fibrous
Skin covering the __________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands.
fingertips
the most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns is
fluid loss
Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope, you note that the stratum basale is the __________ layer of the epidermis in from the surface.
fourth
some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have ____ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membrane
goblet
which of the following is NOT a feature that almost all connective tissue have in common
ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope
hyperplasia
growth through cell multiplication
a pilus is a ___
hair
The base where a hair follicle originates in the skin is known as the __________.
hair bulb
each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a ___
hair follicle
the contraction of the arrector muscles in humans causes ___
hairs to stand on end with no apparent function
heparin
helps prevent blood clotting
the skin discoloration is most likely to suggest physical abuse is ___
hematoma
the reddish color of the skin of the lops is primarily due to the presence of which pigment
hemoglobin
excessive hairiness is called
hirsutism
a thin, striated slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called
histological section
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including ____
holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance
which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?
hyaline cartilage
marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. people with this syndrome have
hyperflexible joints
After six months of lifting weights at the gym you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to _______ of muscle cells.
hypertrophy
which of the following is not part of the skin
hypodermis
which of the following skin layers would a subcutaneous injection be administered
hypodermis
where are chondrocytes and osteocytes located
in lacunae
the skin is a barrier to what
infectious organisms, water, and UV rays
serous membrane
internal membrane, simple squamous epithelial resting on areolar tissue. produces fluid that arises from blood and covers organs and lines walls of body cavity
Increased bilirubin levels cause a skin discoloration called __________.
jaundice
Calluses or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication by ___________.
keratinocytes
glomeruli
kidney cells
subcutaneous
layer of fat underneath the skin
the histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a ____ section
longitudinal
What is the white opaque "moon" often found at the proximal end of a fingernail called?
lunule
which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color
melanocytes
which of the following is found in the epidermis
melanocytes, stem cells, keratinocytes, and tactile cells
the least common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer is __
melanoma
which cutaneous glands are concerned with cooling the body
merocrine glands
the middle primary germ layer is called ____, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called ____, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and bone
mesoderm, mesenchyme
The skin is a barrier to all of the following except __________.
metals such as mercury
the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. this is an example of ___
metaplasia
a ___ is an elevated patch of melanized skin
mole
what are the features of almost all connective tissues have in common
most cells are not in direct contact with each other, cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material, protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance, and most connective tissues are highly vascular
Mucin is secreted by __________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid.
mucous, serous
mitosis is the __ amounts if growth of the nail
nail matrix
nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and ___
neuroglia
____ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the ____
nonkeratinized, vagina
which skin color is most likely to result from anemia
pallor
With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.
phagocytize and digest tissue debris
functions of muscle tissue
produce body movement, organ movement, maintain posture, communication, control body opening, and production of heat
filaggrin
protein that binds keratin into tough bundles in the stratum granulosum
all cells in ____ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the surface have cilia
pseudo stratified columnar
tight junction between cells
release lipids and spreads all over surface of the cell which creates the water barrier on the surface
Leather is made of the __________ layer of the dermis.
reticular
where do squamous cell carcinoma usually appear
scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand
the oil of your scalp is secreted by ___ glands associated with the hair follicles
sebaceous
an epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called ___ epithelium
simple columnar
an epithelium with a single layer of tall cells would be classified as which type of epithelium?
simple columnar epithelium
a brush border of microvilli is found in ____ epithelium, which can be found in the _____
simple columnar, small intestine
most kidney tubules are made of ___ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion
simple cuboidal
rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ____ epithelium
simple squamous
____ is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ___ is associated with resistance to abrasion
single squamous epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium
which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs
smooth muscle
astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because
smooth muscle produces waves of contractions the propel material through the digestive system
stratum spinousum
spiny type of shape, dendritic cells to help clean up arthelium
which type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of the skin
stratified squamous epithelium
_____ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ___ epithelium is rare
stratified squamous, stratified columnar
The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the __________.
stratum basale
which layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells?
stratum corneum
which layer is seen only in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?
stratum spinous and stratum basale
skeletal muscle is described as ___
striated and voluntary
stratum corneum
surface, thickest layer, scratch and shed off dead cells, up to 30 layers
Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the ___________ membrane.
synovial
which of the following are associated with the sense of touch
tactile cells
collagenous fibers are very abundant in ___
tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin
ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in ___
the quantity of melanin produces
stratum lucidum
thin layer in thick skin, eleidin - protein
___ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue
third-degree
In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.
tight junctions
for the first couple of days after fertilization, human stem cells have the potential to develop into any tope of fully differential cell. because of this, they are called ___ stem cells
totipotent
blood functions to
transport nutrients to the tissues
true or false: albinism is the genetic lack of melanin that results in a milky white coloration of the skin
true
true or false: columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface
true
true or false: fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs
true
true or false: in an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix
true
true or false: melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene give color to the skin
true
true or false: mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood
true
true or false: most growth in childhood is the result of hyperplasia
true
true or false: neurons are a major type of cell found in the nervous tissue
true
true or false: one function of muscle tissue is to provide heat production
true
true or false: pattern baldness is relatively rare in women because women have lower testosterone levels than men
true
true or false: scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue
true
true or false: smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control
true
true or false: straight hair is round, wavy hair is oval, and curly hair is relatively flat
true
true or false: the acidity if sweat contributes to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth in the skin
true
true or false: the clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid?
true
true or false: the secretory product of a glad is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma
true
true or false: the skin carries out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin d
true
true or false: the youngest keratinocytes are found in the stratum basale
true
true or false: three forms of skin cancer are defined by the types of cells from which they originate
true
gland shapes
tubular - narrow secretory portion (sweat) acing - secretory cells for dilated sacs (mammary) tubuloacinar/tubuloalveolar - both tubular and acinar portions (pancreas)
what type of connective tissue is adipose tissue
type of loose connective tissue
found in the urinary bladder, ____ resembles ______ but the apical cells are rounded and not flattened
urothelium, stratified squamous epithelium
what are some features connective tissues have in common
very conspicuous fibers, presence of fibroblasts, the presence of collagen, and ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency
what are parts of the skin
epidermis, papillary layer, stratum basale, and dermis
what is the epidermis thickness on the palms and soles of feet
.5 mm
what is the epidermis thickness of the rest of the body
0.1 mm
what does the skin thickness range from
0.5 to 6 mm
most of the skin is __ mm thick
1-2
___ secrete ____ into _____
Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood
which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?
collagen
which fo the following best describes the composition of the dermis
collagen and fibroblasts
a connective tissue fiber refers to an ____, a nerve fiber refers to an ____, and a muscle fiber refers to a ____
complex of macromolecules, part of a cell, entire cell
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.
compound acinar
four primary tissue types found in adult organs
connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscular
stratum granulosum
contain dark staining keratohyalin granules, 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes
the clear gel inside a cell is called
cytosol
which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?
dendritic cells
fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both ____ and ____
dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue
Blood vessels in the __________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition.
dermal papilla
fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our ___
dermal papillae
neoplasia
development of a tumor
histamine
dilates blood vessel
What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth?
downy (lanugo)
Secretions from __________ glands contribute to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin.
eccrine sweat
___ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ___ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products
eccrine, holocrine
the ___ gives rise to the ____
ectoderm, nervous system and epidermis
the shape of a persons external ear is due to the presence of ___
elastic cartilage
which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway?
elastic tissue
Which of the skin layers below is the most superficial?
epidermis
