chapter 6

What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?

An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex.

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

A neutral stimulus is one that naturally and reliably evokes a response; whereas, a conditioned stimulus was once neutral but through association with other stimulus now elicits a response.

False

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

The operant conditioning method used to increase frequency of behaviors that rarely or never occur is _______

Method of Successive Approximations

Reappearance of the conditioned response after periods of rest during extinction training is referred to as ________

Spontaneous Recovery

Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?

The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.

Nick wants to encourage his 6-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets $1. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods?

a token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the:

conditioned stimulus

As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of a(n) ____.

learned behavior

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval