Chapter 6

loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events

semanticization of remote memories

Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention

expert-induced amnesia

refers to the form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms.

Coding

memories we are aware of

Explicit memories

refers to the fact that the different types of memory can interact and share mechanisms

Interaction

the system that is responsible for storing information for long periods of time

Long-term memory

the finding that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence

Primacy effect

occurs when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus

Priming

memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills

Procedural memory/ skill memory

participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before.

Propaganda effect

the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier

Recognition memory

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

memory about facts

Semantic memory

created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another. After the last word the participant writes down all the words he or she remembers in any order.

Serial position curve

in which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. c. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. d. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

a. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

memory for specific experiences from out life, which can include both episodic and semantic components

autobiographical memory

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. b. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus. c. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories. d. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms.

b. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list. a. the middle words b. both the first and last words c. the last words d. the first words

b. both the first and last words

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in: a. recognizing famous people. b. remembering the meaning of some words. c. remembering graduating from college. d. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.

c. remembering graduating from college.

episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds:

decreases the recency effect.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

semantic components of autobiographical memories

personal semantic memories

Determining how a stimulus is represented by the firing of neurons

physiological approach to coding

the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information

proactive interference

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

memory for how to carry out physical actions

procedural memory

condition in which individuals sometimes assume a new identity

psychogenic fugue

the better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence

recency effect

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.

recognition

Associated with episodic memory, remembering specific experiences involving the person

recollection

reducing proactive interference by having information be dissimilar from earlier material

release from proactive interference

A procedure in which two subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don't remember experiencing it earlier.

remember/know procedure

When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person's response to the same stimulus when it is presented later.

repetition priming

how a stimulus or an experience is represented in the mind

mental approach to coding

the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past

mental time travel

a task, practiced by HM, in which the participant is asked to draw something seen in a mirror, which reverses the visual image

mirror drawing

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

memory for specific experiences from the past

episodic memory

Associated with semantic memory, the person seems familiar and you might remember their name

familiarity

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to:

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

memories we are not aware of

implicit memories

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.

long-term

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same.