Chapter 6

identify barriers to health promotion at the level of the family, the health care system, and the community.

- Family Barriers 1.Parents who smoke will have children who will most likely smoke. 2. may also acquire behaviors from observing family members. 3. parental conflict, absence of father, parental supervision, parental conflict,etc. - Health Care System 1. since medications are focused on secondary and tertiary care, primary care often goes undetected. 2.health care plans are not that great for the poor. 3. not having insurance is also a problem -Community Barriers 1. people are more likely to adapt to healthy behaviors if community programs push it. 2.doing things because your peers are doing it. (Peer Pressure)

distinguish three categories of injury and disease prevention, and discuss the importance of exercise to healthy living.

1.) Education and Behavior Change 2.) legislation and enforcement 3.) engineering and technology Excercise and proper diet can help prevent disease, it is beneficial to vigrous excercise and a low fat diet.

compare and contrast the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior, explaining key concepts and evaluating the success of each model in predicting health behavior.

1.) Health Belief Model : decisions about health behavior are based on four interacting factors that influence our perceptions about health threats. four factors : perceived susceptibility, perceived severity of health threat, perceived benefits and barriers of treatment, and cues to action. In summary the HBM is a commonsense theory proposing that people will take action to ward off or control illness-inducing conditions: (1) if they regard themselves to be susceptible to the illness. (2) if they believe the condition has serious personal consequences,(3) if they believe a course of action available will reduce susceptibility or severity, (4) if they believe the costs out weigh the benefits, and (5) if enviormental influences are encouraging change. It has been successful except some studies have shown it modestly predict health behaviors. 2.) Theory of Planned Behavior: a theory that predicts health behavior on the basis of three factors: personal attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm regarding the behavior and perceived a degree of control over the behavior. The theory maintains that the best way to predict whether a health behavior will occur to measure a person's behavioral intention which is the decision to engage in a health related behavior or to refrain from engaging in the behavior. Behavioral intention is shaped by three factors : 1st our attitude toward the behavior which is determined by our belief that engaging in the behavior will lead to certain outcomes. 2nd determinant is subjective norm, which is motivation to comply with the views of other people regarding the behavior in question. 3rd component is perceived behavioral control, which refers to our expectations of success in preforming the contemplated health behavior. TPB is the most accurate at predicting intentional behaviors. It can be also linked to social situations, people can be peer pressured in to doing risky behaviors.

describe key features of psychological thriving and identify psychosocial factors linked to enhanced immunity in response to stress.

1.) psychological thriving - Curiosity : If people have a passion to learn new things or discover older things they will live longer. - Perceived Control and Self-Efficacy: Both go hand in hand if their is control over ones life then they also have self efficacy. People with control over their life make healthier decisions. 2.) Psychosocial Factors Linked to Enhanced Immunity in Response to Stress - Self Enhancement : People who recall positive thoughts rather than negative thoughts are much more healthier and do not experience the adverse affects of stress later in life. - Social Engagement : interacting with other people is beneficial for health because a support system helps people relieve their stressful problems. They serve as an outlet for emotional support. - Relaxation : Listening to music, deep breathing, meditation etc. aid in getting rid of negative emotions and calming the mind. it can help reduce leukocytes and enhanced levels of natural killer cells.

explain the central theme of the positive psychology movement.

Experiences of adversity, weather physical or psychological in nature can sometimes yield benefits. some times good things come from bad experiences. you must gain something as well.

discuss the importance of message framing in the effectiveness of health education.

It is important to word the message the right way so that each individual audience will gain benefit from it. it also important to see how and what affects that audience.

discuss the relationships among immunity, allostatic load, and anabolic and catabolic hormones. (Explain)

One measure of physical thriving is a fluid allostatic system that flexibility shifts from high to low levels of sympathetic nervous system arousal, depending on the demands of the environment. How ever when people are in a constant state of arousal, prolonged elevations of catabolic hormones can damage the body and promote chronic illness. This state which has been called allostatic load, is indicated by a predominance of catabolic activity at rest. An elavated resting level of salivary or serum cortisol in one biological indicator of allostatic load and the general functioning of the HPA system. Conversely, a predominance of anabolic hormones at rest reflects enhanced health and low allostatic load. too high allostatic is negative.

identify the common features of successful health education campaigns. (explanation needed)

Precede/proceed model 1. health psychologists would identify the problem. 2. investigate environmental factors of focus group 3. also consider psychological and physiological benefits.

discuss reasons that health behavior theories don't always predict health-related behaviors.

They are not as effective because, people can give in to peer pressure and can give into their addiction.

discuss work site wellness programs, focusing on the common characteristics of successful programs and why such programs have become more prevalent in recent years.

They need to be : - Voluntary - Include health screenings, which have the greatest impact on a work cite's health costs. - Relate to health behaviors of interest to employees. - Ensure confidentiality of health information - Be convenient and have company support - Offer additional incentives such as health insurance rebates, monetary bonuses, or other prizes for success. They have become so successful because the cost of the program is off set by reductions in work related injuries, absenteeism, and worker turnover.

describe the transtheoretical model of health behavior, and contrast the underlying assumptions of stage and non-stage theories.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)- on the other hand, maintains that behavior often changes systemically through distinct stages. Five stages : Stage 1: precontemplation- people are not seriously thinking about changing there behavior. They may even refuse acknowledging a change. Stage 2 : Contemplation- During this stage, people acknowledge the existence of a problem and are seriously considering changing their behavior in the near future. Stage 3 : Preparation - This stage includes both thoughts and actions. Enlist support and make other plans. Stage 4 : Action - During this stage people have actually changed their behavior and are trying to Stage 5 : Maintenance - People in this stage continue to be successful in their efforts to reach their final goal. its length is often 6 months. people will lapse from maintenance to preparation one or more times until behavior is achieved. Research has found that people at higher stages are more successful at improving health. Stage theories are effective because they provide a pathway to better health.