Chapter 6 Connect Assignment
Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?
Effortful control
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an
Emotion
Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion? ~early parent-child verbal communication ~maturation of the cerebral cortex ~development of the hippocampus ~prenatal exposure to androgens ~development of the brain stem
~maturation of the cerebral cortex ~development of the hippocampus ~development of the brain stem
The connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes is a description of the developmental ______ model.
cascade
Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?
cognitive processes
Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely
coincidental rather than cooperative.
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?communication with others behavioral organization reciprocal socialization demonstrating intelligence
communication with others behavioral organization
An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of .
crying
Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?
culture
A study of 2- and 3-year-olds found an increase in the number of child-care arrangements for a child was linked to which of the following? secure attachment independence decreased prosocial behavior extraversion behavioral problems
decreased prosocial behavior behavioral problems
Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _____ child.
difficult
Which of the following is an example of an infants' goal directed behavior?
directing a caregiver's attention to an object that captures their interest
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
By the time infants are 12 months old, which of the following is the most common corrective method used by parents?
diverting infants' attention
Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment? dopamine cortisol oxytocin estrogen testosterone
dopamine oxytocin
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves two of the following? beneficial genetics limited subsystems effective parenting marital satisfaction between parents
effective parenting marital satisfaction between parents
According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ______ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.
effortful
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ______
emotion
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions
_____ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
emotions
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
emotions are determined by both nature and nurture
Insecure avoidant babies
engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
In what ways do parents appropriately manage and guide infants' behavior to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors? engaging in corrective measures ignoring their infants' problematic behaviors being proactive and childproofing the environment employing strict discipline
engaging in corrective measures being proactive and childproofing the environment
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions?
environmental quality
According to the ______, development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment.
epigenetic view
Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important.
feeding; contact comfort
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit.
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be UNLIKELY to experience?
guilt
Parents manage or guide infant behavior in an attempt to
help reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.
Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.
high-quality
In which of the following situations is an infant LEAST likely to experience stranger anxiety?
if the stranger is another child
resistant caregiver
inconsistent, unaffectionate
The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? infant social sophistication infant motivation to reach a goal nervous system development face-to-face play environmental support for the skill
infant motivation to reach a goal nervous system development environmental support for the skill
______ are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings than other age groups.
infants and toddlers
Little baby Nancy is shy around new people and is quiet, but she has no trouble self-soothing. Her temperament could be described as
introverted with high effortful control
Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following? joint attention gaze following locomotion emotion regulation
joint attention gaze following
Child care in the United States is most likely to come from which of the following? large child-care centers small private homes government-run child-care centers that are free for all citizens nonprofit centers with churches
large child-care centers small private homes nonprofit centers with churches
______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.
locomotion
Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children?
maternal sensitivity
According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.
moderate
When classifying a child's temperament, it is best to think of it as
multidimensional
Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.
negative
Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
negative affectivity
Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? indigestion neglect food allergies abuse
neglect abuse
disorganized caregiver
neglectful, abusive
Which of the following regions of the brain is likely the LEAST related to mother-infant attachment?
occipital lobe
The most current and common thinking among developmentalists as to how much soothing of infants should occur is that it should
occur regularly
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as
personality
Which of the following plays an essential role in an infant's development of trust according to Erikson?
physical comfort
Kagan believes that children inherit a/an (emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament
physiology
Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?
poor-quality child care
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as _____ emotions.
positive
Early secure attachment has been linked with which of the following? negative romantic partners in adolescence positive emotional health high self-esteem and self-confidence positive interaction with peers and teachers
positive emotional health high self-esteem and self-confidence positive interaction with peers and teachers
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either
positive or negative
Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as
reactivity
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.
reciprocal
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of _____ socialization.
reciprocal
Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of
reciprocal socialization.
Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?
reflexive
A ____ (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a _____ (reflexive/social) smile does.
reflexive; social
Self-_____ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.
regulation
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ___ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and
role
An important form of reciprocal socialization is _____, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
Most developmentalists support the view that caregivers should soothe a crying infant in order to help the infant develop
secure attachment.
Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?
self-conscious
secure caregiver
sensitive, consistent
The term _____ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
seperation
Behavioral inhibition is characterized by
shyness with strangers
Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.
slow-to-warm-up
Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents? smiles expressions of disgust cries frowns
smiles cries
One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of ____ _____
social referencing
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
social referencing
Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?
social relationships
Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions? suppression disengagement other-consciousness inhibition
suppression disengagement
Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? other-conscious synchronous reciprocal reflexive
synchronous reciprocal
Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in
temperament
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their
temperament
Kagan believes that _____ has both physiological and experiential bases.
temperament
Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries? the anger cry the basic cry the alarm cry the pain cry the wail
the anger cry the basic cry the pain cry
Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following? the development of the frontal lobe the characteristic of the stranger the child's physiology the social context
the characteristic of the stranger the social context
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates
the concept of goodness of fit.
According to the epigenetic view, development is influenced by
the interchange between genes and the environment.
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as
transactional
According to Erikson, the foundation for attachment in infancy is
trust
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.
trust
avoidant caregiver
unavailable, rejecting, irritable
The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.
A securely attached baby
uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.
According to research, which of the following happens between couples as they transition into parenthood?
Fathers do less than their partners anticipated.
Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys? Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. The first stage of infant development is the trust-versus-mistrust stage. Providing nourishment is the most important factor in the attachment process.
Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process.
Which of the following is NOT a good strategy for parents with regard to child care?
For optimal development, one parent must quit their job to stay home and provide child care.
Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization?
bidirectional
According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs in the first ______ of life.
year
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old.
yelled at the infant
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate their emotions.
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave.
At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?
18-24 months
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?
Chess and Thomas
According to Rothbart and Bates, what dimension includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?
Extraversion/surgency
True or False: Although adequate caregivers, fathers are unable to take care of infants as competently as mothers.
False
True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.
False
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include? Frustration Fear Self-regulation Lack of inhibition Sadness Discomfort
Frustration Fear Sadness Discomfort
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
He is an insecure resistant baby.
Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age.
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.
Which of the following statements about fear in infants is true?
It typically appears about 6 months of age and peaks at about 10 months.
Which behaviorist argued that parents spend too much time soothing infants and thus reinforce infant crying?
John Watson
Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?
Kagan
Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?
One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.
Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?
Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.
Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. East Asian infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants. East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions versus showing emotional reserve. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.
Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. East Asian infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.
Which of the following recommendations are strategies advocated by child-care experts? Recognize that quality of parenting is a key factor in child development. Monitor your child's behavior. Have a stay-at-home parent care for infants. Critically evaluate child-care situations for quality. Select institutional child-care programs only.
Recognize that quality of parenting is a key factor in child development. Monitor your child's behavior. Critically evaluate child-care situations for quality.
Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart and Bates
______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.
Scaffolding
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include? Smiling Inhibition Activity Anxiety Approach Pleasure
Smiling Activity Approach Pleasure
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?
The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.
Ainsworth created the _____ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
Which of the following are true of developmental cascades? They can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. They have been completely debunked by research. They focus solely on the biological underpinnings of attachment. They can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. They can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.
They can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. They can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. They can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.
Which of the following are generally true of stay-at-home fathers? They still refuse to accept that their wives provide most of the family income. They tend to be ostracized when they bring their children to playgrounds. They miss their daily life in the workplace but tend to be satisfied with their marriage. They have often sought out participants in parent groups.
They tend to be ostracized when they bring their children to playgrounds. They miss their daily life in the workplace, but tend to be satisfied with their marriage.
True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-to-child ratio.
True
True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.
True
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
True
True or false: Secure attachment in infancy has been linked to social competence with peers and lower rates of peer conflict in early childhood.
True
True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's emotions.
True
A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following? age-appropriate activities age-appropriate toys for play a good amount of time free of supervision a safe environment
age-appropriate activities age-appropriate toys for play a safe environment
What type of infant cry is a variation of the basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords?
anger cry
According to Erikson, the issue of trust versus mistrust
arises in each successive stage of development.
The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as
attachment
What is the close emotional bond between two people called?
attachment