Chapter 6: Integumentary System

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basele to the stratum corenum takes about _ weeks. The dead keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional _ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about _ month following their formation.

2, 2, 1

Match the function of skin with its description. Protection Prevents water loss Temperature regulation Sensory reception

Acts as a physical barrier to physical injury, trauma, bumps, and scraps. Epidermis is water resistant. Influenced by vast capillary networks and sweat gland in the dermis. Nerve ending that detect heat, cold, and touch.

Nodule

Can be prone to scarring

The release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm leads to the interaction of proteins embedded in long cylindrical organelles called

Myofibrils.

True or false: Skin cancer can develop in people of any age.

True.

skin cancer occurs most frequently on the ______ regions of the human body

head and neck

As an individual ages, skin repair processes take ____.

longer

In the third step of wound healing, ______ within the wound begin to remove the clotted blood

marcrophages

The color of hair is the result of _.

melanin production

when part of the skin is too severely damaged or its cells lack the capacity to divide, the body fills in the gap with ______ tissue. This process is known as ______

scar, fibrosis

Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters; the number of epidermal _ in the epidermis and the relative _ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.

strata, thickness

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the _.

stratum basale

Nails are derived from

stratum corneum.

In the first step of wound healing, the blood brings which of the following?

Clotting Proteins. Antibodies. White blood cells.

Z- Line

Dark lines, roughly located in the middle of an I-Band.

A-band

Dark structure in the center of a sarcomere.

Because an entire portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be retained in the area, a major concern with third degree burns is ______.

Dehydration

Pustule

Dome-shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, an bacteira.

First degree burns involve only the _ and are characterized _, pain, and slight edema(swelling).

Epidermis/Redness

Which is a possible description of the skin's form and function?

Indicator of health. Self renewing. Barrier.

Periderm

Layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium.

Mesenchyme

Layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis.

I-band

Light zone between two A-bands. Has a dark line running down its middle.

Match the specific functions of hair: Protection Heat retention Sensory reception Visual identification

Scalp hair covers the scalp and shields it from sunburn and injury. Blanket of thick hair on scalp. Hair root plexuses. Color and density of hairs of scalp.

Stratum Lucidum

Seen only in thick skin

Which structure guides an action potential to the inside of a muscle cell?

T-Tubule

The structure connecting a muscle to a bone is called

Tendon.

Sarcomere

The functional unir of muscle fiber. It is bordered by a dark zigzag line on both ends.

True or false: The acidic pH of merocrine sweat helps prevent the growth of some pathogenic bacteria.

True

Drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because its extensive __________ network promotes rapid absorption

Vascular.

many cells in the epidermis produce _______ when exposed to UV radiation

Vitamin D3, and Cholecalciferol

vernix caseosa

Waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells.

Scientifically, thinning of the hair on the scalp is called_.

alopecia

Scientifically, thinning of the hair on the scalp is calles _.

alopecia

squamous cell carcinoma

arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

Sebaceous Gland Location

associated with hair follicles over much of the skin

In the nails, the lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the underlying ______.

blood vessels

The net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of _ away from the _ of the body.

blood, periphery

In the first step of wound healing, blood bring _ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site.

clotting

Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are

cold, vibration, pressure

Lines of cleavage in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of _ fiber bundles.

collage

In the dermis of the skin, _ fibes impart tensile strength while _ fibers allow some stretch.

collagen, elastic

Cold can result in blood vessel _, in the dermis, to __ flow which allows the body to conserve heat.

constriction, reduce blood

stratum basale

contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _, keratinocytes.

dead

When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is _ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.

dehydration

In addition to keratinocytes , the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ___________ cells. These cells are ___________ cells that help fight the invasion of microbes.

dendritic, immune

The skins is made up of

dermis and epidermis

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the ___ and the ___

dermis/epidermis

Merocrine sweat production _ during the aging process.

diminishes

In the second step of wounding healing, a blood cloth temporarily patches the _ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of _ into the body.

edges/pathogens

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called

epidermal dendritic.

Second-degree burns involve the _ and part of the_.

epidermis/dermis

People most likely to develop skin cancer are those with _.

fair skin

In would healing, if regeneration is not possible, connective tissue ___ occurs.

fibrosis

Fingerprints are useful as a forensic tool because each individual has a unique pattern of_.

friction ridges

Some integumentary system components are not repaired following damage; these include ______ follicles, ______ glands, ______ cells, and muscle fibers

hair, exocrine, nerve

The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both _ and _ exposure.

heredity, light

stratum spinosum

keratinocytes are bound together by desmosomes.

Stratum corenum

most superficial layer of epidermis

During the process of keratinization, the _ and organelles of the cells disintegrate and the cells start to die.

nucleus

In anatomy, a single hair is also called a(n) _.

pilus

Damaged tissues are normally repaired in one of two ways: _ and _ formation

regeneration, fibrosis

The hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair _.

root

THE substances that make sweat feel gritty are water _ and _.

salts, urea

Terminal hair is the type of hair that grow on the _, and is also the hair of _ and eyebrows, the axilla, and the public region. In men, it also grows on the face.

scalp, eyelashes

Because skin can absorb certain chemicals & block others, it is described as _____ permeable.

selective

As an individual ages, the skin repairs processes take longer to complete because of the reduced number and activity of _ cells.

stem

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via _. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into _.

sweat ducts/ hair follicles

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ___ cells.

tactile

Friction ridges assure the shapes of complex arches and whorls in _ skin.

thick

The stratum lucidum is found only in

thick skin.

Layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep):

Stratum corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands: ___ glands and ___ glands

Sweat, Sebaceous

Which of the following statements is correct about a Z line?

Thin myofilaments attach to these. In electron micrographs of striated muscle, the Z-line appears as a series of dark lines. A sarcomere is defined as the segment between two neighboring Z-Lines.

Ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into their external car canal. The secretion is called _.

cerumen

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.

keratin

stratum granulosum

keratinization begins

within the stratum granulosum begins a process called ________ by which the keratinocytes fill up with the protein ______

keratinization, keratin

In thick skin there is extra layer of epidermal cells.This layer is called _.

stratum lucidum

There are three main variations in the epidermis, These variations are _, coloration, and skin marking.

thickness

The skeletal muscle is considered a discrete organ. Which of the following tissue types are its main components?

Dense connective tissue, Nervous tissue, Skeletal muscle fibers, Vascular tissue.

Merocrine Gland Location

Distributed throughout body

.Ceruminous

External acoustic meatud

Basal cell carcinoma

Originates in stratum basale

Mammary glands only become functional in which of the following conditions.

Pregnant females. Lactating females.

The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following?

Protect the body. Provides thermal insulation. Acts as an energy reservoir.

The major functions of merocrine sweat glands are ___.

Protection, Thermoregulation, Secretion.

In the third step of wound healing, the cut blood vessels_ and grow in the wound.

Regenerate

The basic functional unit of the muscle fiber responsible for its contraction is the:

Sarcomere.

Muscle cells have a special terminology. Instead of being called cytoplasm the inside semi fluid substance in a muscle cell is called

Sarcoplasm.

As a result of aging process, hair follicles can actually _ production of hairs.

Stop

malignant melanoma

- arises from melanocytes in a mole - rare type - can cause death

The epidermis lacks which of the following?

-adipose tissue -collagen fibers -blood vessels

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about _ week(s).

4

Cyst

A fluid -filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful, and can lead to scarring.

Comedo

A sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum.

Apocrine Gland location

Axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions

Mammary Gland Location

Breast

There are two types of hemangiomas, _ and _.

Capillary and Cavernous