Chapter 6: LearnSmart

migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about __ weeks. the dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional __ weeks. overall, keratinocytes and present for about __ month following their formation

2, 2, 1

healing of second degree burns takes approximately __ weeks, and slight scarring may occur

2-4

skin repair and regeneration usually takes about __ weeks in a healthy young person but can often take __ that time for a person in their 70s

3, twice

keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about __ weeks

4

__ is an inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional

albinism

the integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of __ tissue types

all

scientifically, thinning of the hair on the scalp is called __

alopecia

match the type of gland with its location

apocrine: axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions merocrine: distributed throughout body sebaceous: associated with hair follicles over much of the skin ceruminous: external acoustic meatus mammary: breasts

match the type of skin cancer with its location of origin

basal cell carcinoma: originates in stratum basale squamous cell carcinoma: arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum malignant melanoma: arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole

match the acne lesion with its description

blackhead: open comedo whitehead: closed comedo nodule: similar to a pustule, but extending into the deeper skin layers

in the second step of wound healing, a __ forms

blood clot

a hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ___ that proliferate and form a benign tumor

blood vessels

tactile cells are described best by which of the following?

can be stimulated by light touch, large epithelial cells, also called Merkel cells, can be stimulated by light pressure

overexposure to UV rays is the primary factor in the development of almost all skin __

cancers

__ hemangiomas or strawberry colored birthmarks appear in the skin as bright red to deep purple nodules that usually disappear in childhood

capillary

true/false: melanin plays a role in vitamin a production and normal vision as well as improved immunity

carotene

ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into the external ear canal. their secretion is called __

cerumen

keratinocytes in the epidermis produce __ when exposed to UV radiation

cholecalciferol

in the first step of wound healing, blood brings __ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site

clotting

lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of __ fiber bundles

collagen

the predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is __

collagen

in the dermis of the skin, __ fibers impart tensile strength while __ fibers allow some stretch

collagen, elastic

the specific orientation of __ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied __ during routine movements

collagen, stress

match the acne lesion with its description

comedo: a sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum pustule: dome-shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria nodule: can be prone to scarring cyst: a fluid-filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful, and can lead to scarring

friction ridges are used as forensic tools because they can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces, commonly called __

fingerprints

friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as __

fingerprints

possible complications of a wound under repair include __ loss and __

fluid, infection

the vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called __

granulation tissue

epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata?

granulosum, spinosum

which are functions of the skin?

heat regulation, barrier to water loss

when __ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals

hemoglobin

the subcutaneous layer is also known as the __ or superficial fascia

hypodermis

vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels __ , so relatively __ blood can travel through them

increases, more

vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels __, so relatively __ blood can travel through them

increases, more

within the stratum granulosum begins a process called __

keratinization

the most numerous cells of the epidermis are __ and the protein they produce is called __

keratinocytes, keratin

mammary glands only become functional in which of the following conditions?

lactating females, pregnant females

during our lives, we produce three kinds of hair: __ , __ , and __

lanugo, vellus, terminal

which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?

liver, kidney, skin

as an individual ages, skin repair processes take __

longer

at the nail root and the proximal end of the nail body, the nail bed thickens to form the nail __

matrix

scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment producing cells called __

melanocytes

the two types of sweat glands in the skin are __ sweat glands and __ sweat glands

merocrine, apocrine

a nevus is commonly referred to as a __. it is a harmless, localized growth of __ forming cells

mole, melanocytes

during the process of keratinization, the cell's __ and organelles of the cells disintegrate and the cells start to die

nucleus

hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and __ of the hands and fingers, the sides and __ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia

palms, soles

the __ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae

papillary

match the terms with their functions

periderm: layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium vernix caseosa: waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells mesenchyme: layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis

epidermal dendritic cells accomplish their immune function by their __ activity, which initiates an immune response against invaders

phagocytic

match the structures of hair to their specific functions

protection: scalp hair covers the scalp and shields it from sunburn and injury heat retention: blanket of thick hair on scalp sensory reception: hair root plexuses visual identification: color and density of hairs of scalp

the main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following?

protects the body, provides thermal insulation, acts as an energy reservoir

the secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of __ and __ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor

proteins, lipids

in the third step of wound healing, the cut blood vessels __ and grow in the wound

regenerate

in what two ways are damaged skin tissues normally repaired?

regeneration, fibrosis

the __ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers

reticular

the hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair __

root

the substances that make sweat feel gritty are water __ and __

salts, urea

terminal hair is the type of hair that grows on the __, and is also the hair of __ and eyebrows, the axilla, and the pubic region. in men, it also grows on the face

scalp, eyelashes

__ acts as a lubricant to keep the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle and cracked

sebum

the secretions of sebaceous glands, called __ is usually deposited into a __

sebum, hair follicle

when compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate __ endings in the dermis

sensory nerve

sebaceous glands are activated primarily by __ during puberty in both sexes

sex hormones

merocrine sweat glands are classified as __ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin

simple, coiled, tubular

in aging skin, the reduced __ cell activity in the epidermis results in __ skin that is less likely to protect against mechanical trauma

stem, thinner

skin is classified as either thick or think based on two parameters: the number of epidermal __ in the epidermis and the relative __ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument

strata, thickness

the __ of the integument has immune cells

stratum spinosum/dermis

__ glands are also called sweat glands

sudoriferous

on many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, __ glands, __ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue

sweat, sebaceous

the skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are __ glands and __ glands

sweat, sebaceous

differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its __ and __

texture, pigmentation

the major function of merocrine sweat glands is __

thermoregulation (regulation of body temp.)

the are three main variations in the epidermis. these variations are __, colorations, and skin markings

thickness

as a result of the aging process, hair follicles produce __ hairs

thinner

skin grafting is normally necessary for __

third-degree burns

the delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called __ administration

transdermal

the release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called

transpiration

true/false: skin cancer can develop in people of any age

true

true/false: the reason the cells of the spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm

true

drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because its extensive __ network promotes rapid absorption

vascular

if the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels __ so more blood can travel __ to the surface and excess can be lost

vasodilate, close

among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are __

vibration, cold, pressure

the skin is best described as __

water resistant

the main function of melanin pigment is to protect the __ of keratinocytes from UV radiation

DNA

in thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum __

corneum

nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum __ layer of the epidermis

corneum

as people age, the pigment production in hair follicles __, and thus hair becomes __ in color

decreases, lighter

when a person is severely burned, a primary danger is __ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues

dehydration

the __ contain(s) the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis

dermal papillae

the dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the

distribution of nerve fibers

the keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein __, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation

eleidin

the nails, hair and exocrine glands of the skin are known as __

epidermal appendages

immune cells found in the epidermis are called __ cells

epidermal dendritic

nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the __ and __

epidermis, dermis

second degree burns involve the __ and part of the __

epidermis, dermis

the two distinct layers of the integument consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the __ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the __

epidermis, dermis

first-degree burns involve only the __ and are characterized by __, pain, and slight edema (swelling)

epidermis, redness

when skin has been damaged, which integumentary system components are not repaired?

exocrine glands, nerves, hair follicles

true/false: new epithelial cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the remains of the scar

false (clot, not scar)

true/false: there are two major regions of the dermis: a superficial reticular layer and a deeper papillary layer

false (reticular layer: deep, papillary layer: superficial)

in the third step of wound healing, __ produce new collagen in the region

fibroblasts