Chapter 6: LearnSmart
migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about __ weeks. the dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional __ weeks. overall, keratinocytes and present for about __ month following their formation
2, 2, 1
healing of second degree burns takes approximately __ weeks, and slight scarring may occur
2-4
skin repair and regeneration usually takes about __ weeks in a healthy young person but can often take __ that time for a person in their 70s
3, twice
keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about __ weeks
4
__ is an inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional
albinism
the integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of __ tissue types
all
scientifically, thinning of the hair on the scalp is called __
alopecia
match the type of gland with its location
apocrine: axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions merocrine: distributed throughout body sebaceous: associated with hair follicles over much of the skin ceruminous: external acoustic meatus mammary: breasts
match the type of skin cancer with its location of origin
basal cell carcinoma: originates in stratum basale squamous cell carcinoma: arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum malignant melanoma: arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole
match the acne lesion with its description
blackhead: open comedo whitehead: closed comedo nodule: similar to a pustule, but extending into the deeper skin layers
in the second step of wound healing, a __ forms
blood clot
a hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ___ that proliferate and form a benign tumor
blood vessels
tactile cells are described best by which of the following?
can be stimulated by light touch, large epithelial cells, also called Merkel cells, can be stimulated by light pressure
overexposure to UV rays is the primary factor in the development of almost all skin __
cancers
__ hemangiomas or strawberry colored birthmarks appear in the skin as bright red to deep purple nodules that usually disappear in childhood
capillary
true/false: melanin plays a role in vitamin a production and normal vision as well as improved immunity
carotene
ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into the external ear canal. their secretion is called __
cerumen
keratinocytes in the epidermis produce __ when exposed to UV radiation
cholecalciferol
in the first step of wound healing, blood brings __ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site
clotting
lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of __ fiber bundles
collagen
the predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is __
collagen
in the dermis of the skin, __ fibers impart tensile strength while __ fibers allow some stretch
collagen, elastic
the specific orientation of __ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied __ during routine movements
collagen, stress
match the acne lesion with its description
comedo: a sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum pustule: dome-shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria nodule: can be prone to scarring cyst: a fluid-filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful, and can lead to scarring
friction ridges are used as forensic tools because they can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces, commonly called __
fingerprints
friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as __
fingerprints
possible complications of a wound under repair include __ loss and __
fluid, infection
the vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called __
granulation tissue
epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata?
granulosum, spinosum
which are functions of the skin?
heat regulation, barrier to water loss
when __ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals
hemoglobin
the subcutaneous layer is also known as the __ or superficial fascia
hypodermis
vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels __ , so relatively __ blood can travel through them
increases, more
vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels __, so relatively __ blood can travel through them
increases, more
within the stratum granulosum begins a process called __
keratinization
the most numerous cells of the epidermis are __ and the protein they produce is called __
keratinocytes, keratin
mammary glands only become functional in which of the following conditions?
lactating females, pregnant females
during our lives, we produce three kinds of hair: __ , __ , and __
lanugo, vellus, terminal
which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?
liver, kidney, skin
as an individual ages, skin repair processes take __
longer
at the nail root and the proximal end of the nail body, the nail bed thickens to form the nail __
matrix
scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment producing cells called __
melanocytes
the two types of sweat glands in the skin are __ sweat glands and __ sweat glands
merocrine, apocrine
a nevus is commonly referred to as a __. it is a harmless, localized growth of __ forming cells
mole, melanocytes
during the process of keratinization, the cell's __ and organelles of the cells disintegrate and the cells start to die
nucleus
hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and __ of the hands and fingers, the sides and __ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia
palms, soles
the __ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae
papillary
match the terms with their functions
periderm: layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium vernix caseosa: waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells mesenchyme: layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis
epidermal dendritic cells accomplish their immune function by their __ activity, which initiates an immune response against invaders
phagocytic
match the structures of hair to their specific functions
protection: scalp hair covers the scalp and shields it from sunburn and injury heat retention: blanket of thick hair on scalp sensory reception: hair root plexuses visual identification: color and density of hairs of scalp
the main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following?
protects the body, provides thermal insulation, acts as an energy reservoir
the secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of __ and __ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor
proteins, lipids
in the third step of wound healing, the cut blood vessels __ and grow in the wound
regenerate
in what two ways are damaged skin tissues normally repaired?
regeneration, fibrosis
the __ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers
reticular
the hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair __
root
the substances that make sweat feel gritty are water __ and __
salts, urea
terminal hair is the type of hair that grows on the __, and is also the hair of __ and eyebrows, the axilla, and the pubic region. in men, it also grows on the face
scalp, eyelashes
__ acts as a lubricant to keep the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle and cracked
sebum
the secretions of sebaceous glands, called __ is usually deposited into a __
sebum, hair follicle
when compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate __ endings in the dermis
sensory nerve
sebaceous glands are activated primarily by __ during puberty in both sexes
sex hormones
merocrine sweat glands are classified as __ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin
simple, coiled, tubular
in aging skin, the reduced __ cell activity in the epidermis results in __ skin that is less likely to protect against mechanical trauma
stem, thinner
skin is classified as either thick or think based on two parameters: the number of epidermal __ in the epidermis and the relative __ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument
strata, thickness
the __ of the integument has immune cells
stratum spinosum/dermis
__ glands are also called sweat glands
sudoriferous
on many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, __ glands, __ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue
sweat, sebaceous
the skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are __ glands and __ glands
sweat, sebaceous
differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its __ and __
texture, pigmentation
the major function of merocrine sweat glands is __
thermoregulation (regulation of body temp.)
the are three main variations in the epidermis. these variations are __, colorations, and skin markings
thickness
as a result of the aging process, hair follicles produce __ hairs
thinner
skin grafting is normally necessary for __
third-degree burns
the delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called __ administration
transdermal
the release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called
transpiration
true/false: skin cancer can develop in people of any age
true
true/false: the reason the cells of the spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm
true
drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because its extensive __ network promotes rapid absorption
vascular
if the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels __ so more blood can travel __ to the surface and excess can be lost
vasodilate, close
among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are __
vibration, cold, pressure
the skin is best described as __
water resistant
the main function of melanin pigment is to protect the __ of keratinocytes from UV radiation
DNA
in thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum __
corneum
nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum __ layer of the epidermis
corneum
as people age, the pigment production in hair follicles __, and thus hair becomes __ in color
decreases, lighter
when a person is severely burned, a primary danger is __ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues
dehydration
the __ contain(s) the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis
dermal papillae
the dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the
distribution of nerve fibers
the keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein __, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation
eleidin
the nails, hair and exocrine glands of the skin are known as __
epidermal appendages
immune cells found in the epidermis are called __ cells
epidermal dendritic
nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the __ and __
epidermis, dermis
second degree burns involve the __ and part of the __
epidermis, dermis
the two distinct layers of the integument consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the __ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the __
epidermis, dermis
first-degree burns involve only the __ and are characterized by __, pain, and slight edema (swelling)
epidermis, redness
when skin has been damaged, which integumentary system components are not repaired?
exocrine glands, nerves, hair follicles
true/false: new epithelial cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the remains of the scar
false (clot, not scar)
true/false: there are two major regions of the dermis: a superficial reticular layer and a deeper papillary layer
false (reticular layer: deep, papillary layer: superficial)
in the third step of wound healing, __ produce new collagen in the region
fibroblasts
