Chapter 6 Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed

omega (methyl) end

end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group

lipoprotein lipase

enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides so they can enter adipose cells

hormone sensitive lipase (C8 term Dr. K may use now)

enzyme in fat cells that facilitates the breakdown of triglycerides; necessary for the retrieval of triglycerides from adipose

lingual lipase

enzyme secreted into saliva that beings fat digestion

SFA (saturated fatty acid)

fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms; solid at room temperature

unsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain; liquid at room temperature

arterial plaque

fatty buildup in the artery

thrombus

fixed bunch of clots that remain in a place and disrupt blood flow

hydrogenation

food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to a liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats

homocysteinuria

group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels

eicosanoids

group of long-chain fatty acids with hormone-like functions

fat malabdorption

impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea and rapid weight loss

cholesterol

lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile and vitamin D

monoglyceride

lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound known as glycerol

triglyceride

lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

diglyceride

lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound known as glycerol

VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein)

lipoprotein made in the liver that carries must of the triglycerides in the bloodstream

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated levels are strongly linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low levels are linked to increased cardiovascular disease

atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls

Gaucher disease

most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase

hydrophilic

port of a molecule that attracts water (water loving)

steatorrhea

presence of lipids in stools

lipolysis

process by which triglycerides are broken down and glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream

enterohepatic circulation

process that recycles bile salts in the body

hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein)

protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD

lipoprotein profile

series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels

emulsifier

substance that helps water-soluble (hydrophilic) and water-insoluble (hydrophobic) compounds mix with each other; e.g. bile

lipase

enzyme that breaks down lipids

essential fatty acids

fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and linolenic acid are essential fatty acids

gallstones

hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder of become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

myocardial infarction

heart attack

fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group

linolenic acid

omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; an essential fatty acid

linoleic acid

omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid; an essential fatty acid

carboxylic acid

organic molecule with a carboxyl (-COOH) group

hydrophobic

parts of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids (water fearing)

cholecystectomy

surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder

glycerol

three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids

trans fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond inwhich both hydrogen atoms of the double bond are on opposite sides

adipose cells

cells that store triglycerides

ketone bodies

chemicals formed from the incomplete breakdown of fat

plant sterols/stanols

chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol

prostaglandins

class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body

lipids

class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols

stroke

clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die

bile salts

components of bile; aid in lipid digestion

arteriosclerosis

condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility

pancreatic lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

lipoprotein

water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream

MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid)

Fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chains

PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)

Fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain

oxidized LDL

LDL that has been damaged by free radicals

hydrocarbon chain

chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

embolus

thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream

phospholipid

type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus

sterols

type of lipid that has a more complex chemical structure than triglycerides and phospholipids

chylomicron

type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract

cis fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond inwhich the 2 hydrogen atoms of the double bond on the same side

micelle

water-soluble spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices