Chapter 6 Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols
hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed
omega (methyl) end
end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group
lipoprotein lipase
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides so they can enter adipose cells
hormone sensitive lipase (C8 term Dr. K may use now)
enzyme in fat cells that facilitates the breakdown of triglycerides; necessary for the retrieval of triglycerides from adipose
lingual lipase
enzyme secreted into saliva that beings fat digestion
SFA (saturated fatty acid)
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms; solid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain; liquid at room temperature
arterial plaque
fatty buildup in the artery
thrombus
fixed bunch of clots that remain in a place and disrupt blood flow
hydrogenation
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to a liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats
homocysteinuria
group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
eicosanoids
group of long-chain fatty acids with hormone-like functions
fat malabdorption
impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea and rapid weight loss
cholesterol
lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile and vitamin D
monoglyceride
lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound known as glycerol
triglyceride
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
diglyceride
lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound known as glycerol
VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein)
lipoprotein made in the liver that carries must of the triglycerides in the bloodstream
LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated levels are strongly linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease
HDL (high-density lipoprotein)
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low levels are linked to increased cardiovascular disease
atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls
Gaucher disease
most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase
hydrophilic
port of a molecule that attracts water (water loving)
steatorrhea
presence of lipids in stools
lipolysis
process by which triglycerides are broken down and glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream
enterohepatic circulation
process that recycles bile salts in the body
hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein)
protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD
lipoprotein profile
series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels
emulsifier
substance that helps water-soluble (hydrophilic) and water-insoluble (hydrophobic) compounds mix with each other; e.g. bile
lipase
enzyme that breaks down lipids
essential fatty acids
fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and linolenic acid are essential fatty acids
gallstones
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder of become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
myocardial infarction
heart attack
fatty acid
hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
linolenic acid
omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; an essential fatty acid
linoleic acid
omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid; an essential fatty acid
carboxylic acid
organic molecule with a carboxyl (-COOH) group
hydrophobic
parts of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids (water fearing)
cholecystectomy
surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
glycerol
three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids
trans fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond inwhich both hydrogen atoms of the double bond are on opposite sides
adipose cells
cells that store triglycerides
ketone bodies
chemicals formed from the incomplete breakdown of fat
plant sterols/stanols
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol
prostaglandins
class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body
lipids
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols
stroke
clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
bile salts
components of bile; aid in lipid digestion
arteriosclerosis
condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
lipoprotein
water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream
MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid)
Fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chains
PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)
Fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
oxidized LDL
LDL that has been damaged by free radicals
hydrocarbon chain
chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
embolus
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
phospholipid
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
sterols
type of lipid that has a more complex chemical structure than triglycerides and phospholipids
chylomicron
type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract
cis fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond inwhich the 2 hydrogen atoms of the double bond on the same side
micelle
water-soluble spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices