Chapter 6 Mindtap, Chapter 5 MindTap Quiz, Chapter 4 Mindtap Quiz, Chapter 3 MindTap Quiz, Chapter 2 Synapse Quiz, Chapter One: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

A sound coming directly from the side reaches the closer ear about __ µs before the other.

600

Cones provide about what percentage of the visual input to the brain?

90 percent

What is the evolutionary paradox of the genetics of altruistic behavior?

Altruism helps others survive and reproduce, possibly at the cost of the altruistic individual's life

Which method best allows researchers to examine brain anatomy?

CAT

Frederick is interested in using his diet to elevate his mood. He knows that dietary tryptophan is necessary for the synthesis of serotonin, which will, in turn, help his mood. What is the BEST way for him to increase the amount of tryptophan available to his brain?

Decrease consumption of phenylalanine-containing foods

A motor neuron, with its soma in the spinal cord, receives excitation through its ________ .

Dendrites

Who is most likely experiencing synesthesia?

Elbert, who finds that different tastes evoke the experience of different colors

What recording technique uses faint magnetic fields to measure activity in the brain?

MEG

Which structure controls vital reflexes, including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing?

Medulla

__ respond to light touch.

Merkel's disks

Which type of effect is particularly important for sensations like taste and long-lasting aspects of arousal and motivation?

Metabotropic

Recent studies have shown that exposure to which substance can reduce some of the effects of a stroke in laboratory animals?

THC

What procedure enables researchers to use a magnet to temporarily inactivate an area of the brain in order to better understand the relationship between that area of the brain and behavior?

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

What did Roger Perry find when he severed the optic nerves of newts?

The axons grew back to their original locations.

Some olfactory receptors respond to a wide range of chemicals, but most respond to __

a few chemicals with similar structure

Xena is in a great deal of pain. Likely, her __ are responding to that pain and sending the message to her brain.

a free nerve endings

Nakita's left leg was amputated after a serious injury. Later during recovery, she noticed that it still felt like her leg was present. This is likely due to ________.

a phantom limb experience

Sherrington inferred the presence of a gap between neurons based on ____.

a slower-than-predicted speed of conduction

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the ____.

adrenal medulla

Nearly all neurotransmitters are synthesized from _____,

amino acids

Louis seems to be particularly responsive to situations that people find frightening. He is easily startled and when frightened tends to be very frightened. What area of his brain is most likely to be involved in these fear responses?

amygdala

The auditory pathway sensitive to the identification of sound is located in the __

anterior temporal cortex

________ wrap around the presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related axons.

astrocytes

A(n) ________ conveys an impulse toward other neurons, an organ, or a muscle. a. soma b. axon c. reticula d. mitochondrion

axon

The nerve growth factor promotes the survival and growth of the ______.

axon

Local neurons lack ________ .

axons

What structure has been implicated in movement disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's?

basal ganglia

Neuropeptides are characterized by ____.

being released mostly from dendrites

The question of how various brain areas combine to produce integrated behavior and experience is referred to as the ____.

binding problem

Elsa has had damage to area V1. As a result, she may experience the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously, a phenomenon called _____.

blindsight

Theorists believe that the first sensory system of the earliest animals was a(n) __ sensitivity.

chemical

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____.

choroid plexus

Jonelle has decided to undergo hypnosis to try to manage her chronic pain. A hypnotic suggestion from her therapist that pain will not be felt decreases activity in Jonelle's __

cingulate cortex

The most common kind of brain injury in younger people is _____.

closed head injury

Nerve deafness can result from damage to the __

cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

The difference in distribution of ions across the neuron membrane is called the ________ .

concentration gradient

Foveal vision ____.

contains cones as receptors

The surfaces of ________ are lined with synaptic receptors that receive information from other neurons.

dendrites

Lawrence says he really enjoys smoking and thinks he may even be addicted to cigarettes. Smoking cigarettes feels rewarding in part because it triggers the release of ____.

dopamine

Which type of visual cortex cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its large bar-shaped receptive field?

end-stopped

Chromosomes are contained in the cell ________ .

endoplasmic reticulum

In people with Alzheimer's disease or similar conditions, the ________ cell(s) lining the brain's blood vessels shrink, and harmful chemicals enter the brain.

endothelial

Extreme stress, such as being severely abused or growing up in a war zone, can alter the expression of genes, resulting in the development of health and behavioral problems that might not otherwise have been experienced. The study of this alteration of the expression of genes is called _____.

epigenetics

The branch of psychology that studies how behavior has evolved over time is known as _____.

evolutionary psychology

Bursts of neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron in _____.

exocytosis

Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex?

frontal

Which part of the facial recognition system responds strongly to a face viewed from any angle, as well as line drawings and anything else that looks like a face?

fusiform gyrus

Clusters of cell bodies like the clusters of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord are called ____.

ganglia

The optic nerve is composed of axons of ____.

ganglion cells

According to many neuroscientists, even slight disruption during which stage of embryonal development will result in long-term developmental and neurological problems?

gastrulation

The brain uses active transport to move ________ across the blood-brain barrier.

glucose

The brain's primary source of energy is ________ .

glucose

Most of the brain's excitatory ionotropic synapses use the neurotransmitter ____.

glutamate

The umami receptor responds to __

glutamate

The auditory receptors in the cochlea are called __

hair cells

Harris has been diagnosed with amusia. This means he __

has difficulty gauging emotions from tone of voice

Oliver has been diagnosed with prosopagnosia. What is his main symptom?

he cannot recognize faces

Terrance was born with congenital cataracts. If the cataracts are not removed until childhood, what are the likely effects?

his motion and depth perception will remain permanently impaired

The law of specific nerve energies addresses the issue of _____.

how the brain interprets nerve impulses from sense organs

Damage in parts of the superior temporal cortex may result in __

inability to detect the motion of a sound source

The temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane is a(n) ____.

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Absolute pitch __

is more common in people who speak tonal languages

The most common type of stroke, which results from a blood clot or other obstruction to the blood vessels is called a(n) ______ .

ischemic stroke

The cerebral cortex is organized in six layers of cell bodies, parallel to the surface of the cortex, called ____.

laminae

In mammalian vision, most ganglion cell axons go to the ____.

lateral geniculate nucleus

Scott is looking at a series of grayscale bars. While he stares at a darker bar, it seems as if the border with a lighter bar seems "highlighted." What could explain why he is seeing this visual effect?

lateral inhibition

____ is thought to help control appetite by decreasing it.

leptin

Which researcher is credited with demonstrating the existence of chemical synapses?

loewi

Bobbie is listening to music and decides to increase the amplitude of the sound wave. What characteristic of auditory perception did he alter

loudness

Which type of ganglion cells are distributed evenly throughout the retina and have relatively large cell bodies and receptive fields?

magocellular

Why is detail vision relatively poor in the periphery?

many receptors converge on a single ganglion cell there

Who is most likely experiencing an effect of pheromones?

marc, whose testosterone level increases when he is around a perspiring women

Cells in which structure respond selectively when something moves at a particular speed in a particular direction?

medial temporal cortex

Gordon is having trouble sleeping and decides to take a supplement containing a hormone that is manufactured in the pineal. What is he most likely taking?

melatonin

The ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates are called ____.

midget ganglion cells

In comparison to those raised alone, animals raised in enriched, stimulating environments have _____.

more robust dendritic branching

Research using contemporary imaging methods have shown that people with a larger amygdala tend to have ____.

more social contacts

In his studies of infant brains, Santiago Ramón y Cajal demonstrated that ________ .

nerve cells remain separate rather than merging into each other

Which neurotransmitter is a gas that is released by local neurons and has the effect of dilating nearby blood vessels and thus increasing blood flow to the brain?

nitric oxide

The primary visual cortex is located in the ____ .

occipital lobe

Dot is a cat with a huge brown spot on her dorsal side. The rest of her fur is white. Where is the spot located?

on Dot's back

Which theory posits that we perceive color on a continuum from red to green, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black?

opponent process theory

Dr. Kerr studies the functions of a specific type of neuron by exciting or inhibiting those neurons using light. What method is Dr. Kerr using?

optogenetics

In the vestibular organ, __ press against different hair cells depending on the tilt and acceleration of the head.

otoliths

What is the relationship between pain and itch

pain inhibits itch

Which system consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord?

parasympathetic

Dr. Chiarella is interested in how the brain responds to touch and pressure sensations. Which lobe will Dr. Chiarella study?

parietal

The various areas of the somatosensory thalamus send their impulses to different areas of the primary somatosensory cortex, located in the __

parietal lobe

The outer ear includes the __

pinna

The surface of a cell is called the ________ .

plasma membrane

Peleg and colleagues found that people who were born blind had facial expressions that were remarkably similar to those of their relatives. From this, the researchers concluded that genetics _____.

plays a role in controlling facial expressions

The slightly negative electrical potential of the inside of a resting neuron relative to the outside is called a resting ________ .

potential

In adolescents, the degree of maturity of which brain structure correlates with the ability to resist engaging in impulsive behavior?

prefrontal cortex

The production of new cells during development is called ______.

proliferation

Transmission of the action potential down an action is called ________ .

propagation

________ guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.

radial glia

Which type of gene shows a strong effect only when an individual has two copies of it?

recessive

Nicola just burned her finger on a hot pan. What is the circuit from sensory neurons to muscle response called that transmitted the message that she should remove her finger from the pan?

reflex arc

Which theory can account for the constancy of color across different lighting conditions?

retinex theory

The jumping of action potentials from node to node is referred to as ________ conduction.

saltatory

In the periphery of the body, ________ build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons. a. Schwann cells b. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes d. radial glia

schwann cells

The sodium-potassium pump is effective only because of the membrane's ________ .

selective permeability

Many hallucinogenic drugs are chemically similar to ____.

serotonin

Ralph was born with red-green color blindness. His sister, Ana, was not. This makes sense, because red-green color blindness is _____.

sex-linked

At the peak of the action potential, ________ . a. sodium ions are mostly outside the neuron b. sodium channels open c. sodium channels close d. potassium ions are mostly inside the neuron

sodium channels close

Consider a wiring arrangement of neurons in which the two neurons (A and B) stimulate a third neuron (X). Neither neuron A nor B can stimulate neuron X on its own, but, in combination, they can excite neuron X. This demonstrates ____.

spatial summation

What term describes periodic production of action potentials, even without synaptic input?

spontaneous firing

Which class of drugs decreases reuptake and prolongs the effects of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine?

stimulants

Which structure is very important for vision?

superior colliculus

Moira was walking home along at night when a loud noise frightened her. Which system prepared Moira for "fight or flight"?

sympathetic

Which lobe contributes to visual processing related to perception of movement and recognition of faces?

temporal

What term is used for the cumulative effect of repeated stimulation over a brief period?

temporal summation

Axons in the peripheral system can, if damaged, grow back, using which of the following as a guide?

the myelin sheath

Jaquan has gone outside and forgotten his sunglasses. What will happen to his rods in bright daylight?

they will be bleached

The human nervous system begins to form when the embryo is about ____.

two weeks old

Biologically unrelated children who are adopted into the same family, at the same age and at the same time are called _____.

virtual twins

The permeability of the proteins that allow sodium and potassium to cross a neuron's membrane depends on the ________ . a. strength of the excitatory impulse b. voltage difference across the membrane c. diameter of the dendrite d. length of the axon

voltage difference across the membrane

According to the trichromatic theory, which of the following best explains how we discriminate among wavelengths of light?

we use the ratio of activity across across the three types of cones

To ask how a species evolved is to ask _____.

what ancestor the species evolved from

Mitsuko is holding an object that he can see is an apple because of the ventral pathway or stream through the temporal cortex. Because it is specialized for identifying and recognizing objects, the pathway is also called the _____.

what pathway