chapter 6
sample equation
Na+Cl....Na+Cl-
generic equation
Xe-+Y...X+Ye-
What does the Krebs cycle need in order to proceed?
acetyl coA
reduction
addition of electrons to another substance
What are produced as waste when protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration?
amino acids
A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle...
by transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP.
most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which process
chemiosmosis
gram for gram, sugars are not as fats as a source of energy for cellular respiration, because sugars...
contain fewer hydrogen atoms and electrons
What process occurs between each protein complex?
electron transport chain
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid or alcohol and CO2. This last step...
enables the cell to recycle NAD+
what is the last electron carrier in the ETC? What product does this make?
1/2 O2: H2O
How are carbons released during cellular respiration?
2
What does glycolysis need to occur
2 ATP
Write the chemical breakdown of glucose
A molecule of glucose is energized using ATP. A 6-Carbon intermediate splits into 2n 3-Carbon intermediates. A redox reaction generates NADH. ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. Get 2 ATP for each intermediate converted to pyruvic acid. Made 4ATP (Net 2 ATP)
what exuation illustrated oxidation?
C6H12O6 CO2+H2O
what is the balanced equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6....6CO2+6H2O+E(ATP)
In an experiment, mice were fed glucose containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in ...
CO2
3 stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle. ETC
In a second experiment, mice were allowed to breath oxygen gas laced with radioactive oxygen. in this experiment, the radioactive oxygen atoms quickly showed up in...
H2O
Where specifically do glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC take place?
Mitochondria
What are the empty and full hydrogen carriers?
NAD;NADH
what contains energy that cell could use to make ATP?
NADH
2 examples of poisons
Rotenone and Cyanide
What are the 2 mechanisms that generate ATP
Substrate-level phosphorylation and ETC
How is Acetyl CoA made; what is lost, why is it made?
The 3-Carbon pyruvic acid becomes oxidized(loses 2H form 2NADH from NAD+), loses CO2 and becomes a 2-Carbon acetyl group. it combines with coenzyme A, making acetyl CoA.
where does the ATP synthase in a human cell get energy for making ATP directly?
flow of H+ through a membrane
in cellular respiration,....is oxidized and.....is reduced
glucose....O2
...is used and...is produced in the overall process of cellular respiration.
glucose...CO2
A chemist had discovered a drug that blocks glucose phosphate isomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. But he cant do this because...
human cells also do glycolysis: the drug might not poison them
a glucose molecule is completely broken down in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, but these two processes yield only a few ATPs. Where is the rest of the energy the cell obtains from the glucose molecule?
in NADH and FADH2
what describes glycolysis?
it begins the oxidation of glucose, it produces a small amount of ATP, it generates NADH, it splits glucose to form two molecules of pyruvic acid
when is a molecule oxidized?
it loses an electron
Why does the Krebs cycle repeat?
it recycles
Why do the electrons"fall" down the hill during the ETC? What dumps them off?
loses e-, 10NADH and 2FADH2 drop off
oxidation
loss of electrons from 1 substance
what is the main function of cellular respiration
making ATP that powers cell activities
strict anerobe
poisoned by oxygen
The energy given by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to...
pump H+ through a membrane
NADH is sometimes used by the cell in biosynthesis of needed organic molecules. Based on what you know about NADH, which of the following might be its function in biosynthesis?
reducing organic molecules
strict aerobe
reuire oxygen
facultative anerobes
survive with or without O2
From what process does most of the NADH that delivers hgih-energy electrons to the electron transport chain come from...
the Krebs cycle
what happens if organic molecule other than glucose are used for energy?
used as fuel