chapter 6

sample equation

Na+Cl....Na+Cl-

generic equation

Xe-+Y...X+Ye-

What does the Krebs cycle need in order to proceed?

acetyl coA

reduction

addition of electrons to another substance

What are produced as waste when protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration?

amino acids

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle...

by transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP.

most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which process

chemiosmosis

gram for gram, sugars are not as fats as a source of energy for cellular respiration, because sugars...

contain fewer hydrogen atoms and electrons

What process occurs between each protein complex?

electron transport chain

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid or alcohol and CO2. This last step...

enables the cell to recycle NAD+

what is the last electron carrier in the ETC? What product does this make?

1/2 O2: H2O

How are carbons released during cellular respiration?

2

What does glycolysis need to occur

2 ATP

Write the chemical breakdown of glucose

A molecule of glucose is energized using ATP. A 6-Carbon intermediate splits into 2n 3-Carbon intermediates. A redox reaction generates NADH. ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. Get 2 ATP for each intermediate converted to pyruvic acid. Made 4ATP (Net 2 ATP)

what exuation illustrated oxidation?

C6H12O6 CO2+H2O

what is the balanced equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6....6CO2+6H2O+E(ATP)

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in ...

CO2

3 stages of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle. ETC

In a second experiment, mice were allowed to breath oxygen gas laced with radioactive oxygen. in this experiment, the radioactive oxygen atoms quickly showed up in...

H2O

Where specifically do glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC take place?

Mitochondria

What are the empty and full hydrogen carriers?

NAD;NADH

what contains energy that cell could use to make ATP?

NADH

2 examples of poisons

Rotenone and Cyanide

What are the 2 mechanisms that generate ATP

Substrate-level phosphorylation and ETC

How is Acetyl CoA made; what is lost, why is it made?

The 3-Carbon pyruvic acid becomes oxidized(loses 2H form 2NADH from NAD+), loses CO2 and becomes a 2-Carbon acetyl group. it combines with coenzyme A, making acetyl CoA.

where does the ATP synthase in a human cell get energy for making ATP directly?

flow of H+ through a membrane

in cellular respiration,....is oxidized and.....is reduced

glucose....O2

...is used and...is produced in the overall process of cellular respiration.

glucose...CO2

A chemist had discovered a drug that blocks glucose phosphate isomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. But he cant do this because...

human cells also do glycolysis: the drug might not poison them

a glucose molecule is completely broken down in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, but these two processes yield only a few ATPs. Where is the rest of the energy the cell obtains from the glucose molecule?

in NADH and FADH2

what describes glycolysis?

it begins the oxidation of glucose, it produces a small amount of ATP, it generates NADH, it splits glucose to form two molecules of pyruvic acid

when is a molecule oxidized?

it loses an electron

Why does the Krebs cycle repeat?

it recycles

Why do the electrons"fall" down the hill during the ETC? What dumps them off?

loses e-, 10NADH and 2FADH2 drop off

oxidation

loss of electrons from 1 substance

what is the main function of cellular respiration

making ATP that powers cell activities

strict anerobe

poisoned by oxygen

The energy given by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to...

pump H+ through a membrane

NADH is sometimes used by the cell in biosynthesis of needed organic molecules. Based on what you know about NADH, which of the following might be its function in biosynthesis?

reducing organic molecules

strict aerobe

reuire oxygen

facultative anerobes

survive with or without O2

From what process does most of the NADH that delivers hgih-energy electrons to the electron transport chain come from...

the Krebs cycle

what happens if organic molecule other than glucose are used for energy?

used as fuel