Chapter 6 P&P

Stages of Health Behavior Change

-Precontemplation -Contemplation -Preparation -Action -Maintenence

Three Levels of Preventive Care

1)Primary Prevention-Health Promotion and Specific Protection 2)Secondary Prevention-Early Diagnosis and Prompt treatment, Disability Limitations 3)Tertiary Prevention-Restoration and Rehabilitation

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

According to this model, certain human needs are more basic than others (i.e., some needs must be met before other needs [e.g., fulfilling the physiological needs before the needs of love and belonging]). Self-actualization is the highest expression of one's individual potential and allows for continual self-discovery.

External Variables

External variables influencing a person's health beliefs and practices include family practices, psychosocial and socioeconomic factors, and cultural background

Internal Variables

Internal variables include a person's developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors.

Health Promotion Model

It defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease . The model focuses on the following three areas: (1) individual characteristics and experiences; (2) behavior-specific knowledge and affect; and (3) behavioral outcomes, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior. The HPM notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions

HEALTH

No one defintion. Defined by the individual, and doesn't necessarily mean free of disease/injury. Often, the individuals physical, mental, and spiritual well being is considered. As nurses, we find the patients concept of health to assist them in reaching their goals

Holistic Health Model

Nurses using the holistic nursing model recognize the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporate complementary and alternative interventions such as meditation, music therapy, reminiscence, relaxation therapy, therapeutic touch, and guided imagery because they are effective, economical, noninvasive, nonpharmacological complements to traditional medical care (see Chapter 33). These holistic strategies, which can be used in all stages of health and illness, are integral in the expanding role of nursing

Risk Factors

Risk factors and behaviors, risk factor modification, and behavior modification are integral components of health promotion, wellness, and illness prevention. Nurses in all areas of practice have opportunities to reduce patients' risk factors to promote health and decrease risks of illness or injury. The presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factors increase the chances that the individual will experience a particular disease or dysfunction. Nurses and other health care professionals are concerned with risk factors, sometimes called health hazards, for several reasons. Risk factors play a major role in how a nurse identifies a patient's health status

Illness Prevention

activities such as immunization programs protect patients from actual or potential threats to health. They motivate people to avoid a decline in health or functional levels

Health Promotion

activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition help patients maintain or enhance their present levels of health. They motivate people to act positively to reach more stable levels of health.

Wellness

education teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy way and includes topics such as physical awareness, stress management, and self-responsibility. Wellness strategies help people achieve new understanding and control of their lives

Secondary Prevention

focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention, thereby reducing severity and enabling the patient to return to a normal level of health as early as possible (Edelman and Mandle, 2014). A large portion of nursing care related to secondary prevention is delivered in homes, hospitals, or skilled nursing facilities. It includes screening techniques and treating early stages of disease to limit disability by averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease. Screening activities also become a key opportunity for health teaching as a primary prevention intervention

Tertiary Prevention

occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration (Edelman and Mandle, 2014). Activities are directed at rehabilitation rather than diagnosis and treatment. For example, a patient with a spinal cord injury undergoes rehabilitation to learn how to use a wheelchair and perform ADLs independently. Care at this level helps patients achieve as high a level of functioning as possible, despite the limitations caused by illness or impairment.

Primary Prevention

true prevention; it precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy. Primary prevention aimed at health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, nutritional programs, and physical fitness activities. It includes all health promotion efforts and wellness education activities that focus on maintaining or improving the general health of individuals, families, and communities

Implications for patient centered Care

• Be aware of the effect of culture on a patient's view and understanding of illness • Understand a patient's traditions, values, and beliefs and how these dimensions may affect health, wellness, and illness. • Do not stereotype patients based on their culture and do not assume that they will adopt all cultural beliefs and practices . • When teaching patients about their illness and treatment regimens, you need to understand that unique cultural perceptions exist regarding the cause of an illness and its treatment. • Use a trained interpreter if possible when a patient and family do not speak English to avoid misinterpretation of information . • Be aware of your own cultural background and recognize prejudices that lead to stereotyping and discrimination

Health Promotion in Older Adults

• Promote healthy lifestyles by encouraging regular physical activity tailored to the individual's ability, accepting responsibility for one's own health, using stress-management strategies, focusing on self-care abilities, improving self-efficacy, and practicing relaxation exercises • Consider an older adult's social environment and strengthen social support to promote health and provide access to resources • Injury prevention is a key strategy to promote and improve health • Promote community-based exercise programs to decrease social isolation and increase independence • Factors that have been reported to affect older adults' willingness to engage in health promotion activities may include socioeconomic factors, beliefs and attitudes of patients and providers, encouragement by a health care professional, specific motivation based on efficacy beliefs, access to resources, age, number of chronic illnesses, mental and physical health, marital status, ability for self-care, gender, education, and support system presence • Encourage frequent healthy meals that are well balanced and contain fruits, vegetables, and dairy