Chapter 6 Review Questions, Community Health Exam 1 Book Questions

What is the difference between natality, morbidity, and mortality?

natality is birth, morbidity is sickness and mortality is death

What does the term endemic disease mean? Give examples of such diseases.

occurs regularly in populations; malaria in Africa and heart disease in US

What are the 5 major domains that determine a person's health?

Genetic makeup of the person; social circumstances; environmental conditions; behavioral choices, availability of quality medical care.

Define the following terms-case, carrier, vector, vehicle.

case=person sick with disease carrier=person/animal is well but infected and capable of serving as source of infection vector=living organism that can transmit communicable agent vehicle=inanimate object that can serve as source of infection

Why are prevalence rates more useful than incidence rates for measuring chronic diseases?

chronic diseases happen over a lifetime so it wouldn't be helpful to use and incidence rate that only takes into consideration the new cases

What are notifiable diseases? Give some examples.

diseases that health officials request/require reporting for public health reasons

What are the 10 essential public health services?

evaluate, monitor health, diagnose/investigate, inform/educate/empower, mobilize community partnerships, develop policies, enforce laws, link to/provide care, assure competent workforce

What is meant by the term coordinated school health program? What are the major components of it?

its schools under category of governmental health agency; major components of it are Health Education, Health Services, and Healthy and Safe School Environment

What is an infant mortality rate? Why is it such an important rate in community health?

its the number of deaths of children under 1 divided by number of live births multiply by 1000. Why is it important?

Action for Healthy Kids

one organization that is advocating and providing support for "helping schools become healthier places so kids can live healthier lives" by fighting childhood obesity, undernourishment, and physical inactivity.

What is a governmental health agency?

part of government structure and primarily funded by tax $$$, 4 levels

What is the difference between prevention and intervention?

prevention tries to stop the illness before it happens, its a plan of action and intervention is something you do when there is already an illness, its to control the disease

What are Hill's criteria for judging whether an association between a risk factor and a disease can be considered causal?

strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological plausibility

What is the purpose of an analytic study?

testing a hypotheses

What are the components of a simplified communicable disease model?

agent, host, environment

Draw and explain the model for multicausation diseases.

visual representation of host together with various internal/external factors that promote and protect disease

What are the major differences between a governmental health organization and a voluntary health agency?

voluntary is nonprofit and usually created to meet a health need that the government isn't meeting. voluntary is mostly concerned with fund-raising

How do service, social, and religious groups contribute to the health of the community?

volunteering, influence families, donation of space, sponsorship of programs

In a descriptive epidemiological study, what types of information does the epidemiologist gather?

who? when? where?

Why are written school health policies needed?

"laws, mandates, regulations, standards, resolutions, and guidelines- provide a foundation of school district practices and procedures." Provide a sense of direction and a means of accountability and credibility, and strengthen the possibility that a school health program will become "an institutionalized part of the school culture." They serve as an "important indicator of where school health is prioritized within the overall education agenda.

Explain the Framework for the 21st Century School Nursing Practice developed by the National Association of School Nurses in terms of how it supports school health services and child health in schools.

- Calls for students-centered nursing care focused on the key principles of care coordination, leadership, quality improvement, and community/public health with standards of practice as the foundation. - With an emphasis on prevention, early intervention, and risk reduction, students can be treated for acute illnesses, such as flu, and chronic conditions, including asthma and diabetes. - The idea of young people receiving more comprehensive health care within the context of the school is gaining momentum throughout the country.

School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS)

- Describes characteristics of each component of school health at the state, district, school, and classroom levels. - Describe the professional background of the personnel who deliver each component of the school health program. - Describe collaborations among staff from each school health component and with staff from outside agencies and organizations. -Describe how key policies and practices have changed over time.

The School Health Advisory Council

- Individuals from a school or school district and its community who work together to provide advice and aspects of the school health program. (should include diverse representation) PRIMARY ROLE: provide coordination of the WSCC components.

The School Nurse

- Provides great leadership for the school health program. - Medical knowledge and medical training - multiple responsibilities - Often districts do not have the research to hire full-time nurses

Policy Development

- Should be executed by the school health council. - Should cover all facets of the school health program. - Gain approval from key stakeholders.

Steps for creating School Health Policies

1. Build a policy development team 2. Assess the environment 3. Draft the policy 4. Adopt the policy 5. Implement the policy 6. Measure and Evaluate 7. Communicate the Results

How would a health education specialist go about locating credible health education curricula?

1. A school district could contain a pre-packaged curriculum that has been developed by nationally recognized specialists. 2. The approved curriculum of either the state department of education or health 3. To adopt a new health textbook series and consider the series as a district's curricular guide. 4. Some districts may even develop their own in-house curriculum.

Foundations of School Health Programs should include:

1. A school administration that supports such an effort. 2. A well-organized school health advisory council that is genuinely interested in providing a coordinated program for the students 3. Written school health policies.

8 National Health Education Standards

1. Comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention to enhance health. 2. Demonstrate the ability to access valid information, products, and services to enhance health. 3. Demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to enhance health and avoid or reduce health risks. 4. Demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health. 5. demonstrate the ability to use goal-setting skills to enhance health. 6. Analyze the influence of family, peers, culture, media, technology, and other factors on health behaviors. 7. Demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors and avoid or reduce health risks. 8. Demonstrate the ability to advocate for personal, family, and community health.

Policy Implementation

1. Distributing the policies with memorandum of explanation 2. Placing the policies in both faculty/staff and student handbooks. 3. Presenting them at a gathering of the different groups. 4. Holding a special meeting for the specific purpose of explaining the policies 5. Placing them in the school district newsletter

Role of School Health Coordinator

1. Ensuring that the instruction and services provided through various components of the school health program are mutually reinforcing and present consistent messages. 2. Facilitating collaboration among school health program personnel and between them and other school staff. 3. Assisting the superintendent/ school principal and other administrative staff with the integration, management, and supervision of the school health program. 4. Providing or arranging for necessary technical assistance. 5. Identifying necessary resources. 6. Facilitating collaboration between the districts/school and other agencies and organizations in the community who have an interest in the health and well-being of children and their families. 7. Conducting evaluation activities that assess the implementation and results of the school health programs, as well as assisting with reporting evaluation results.

What are the 10 components of WSCC?

1. Health education 2. Physical Education 3. Nutriton Services 4. Health Services 5. Counseling, Psychological, and Social Services 6. Social & Emotional Climate 7. Physical Environment 8. Employee Wellness 9. Family Engagement 10. Community Involvement

State 4 issues facing school health advocates and explain why they are issues.

1. Lack of support for WSCC efforts: need supportive legislation 2. Health curriculum challenges 3. Implementation of School-based Health centers 4. Violence in schools

2 Major Healthy School Environments

1. Physical Environment- contains the school building and its contents, the land on which the school is located, and the area surrounding it. EX: Ventilation, Temperature, Noise, Lighting; and protects occupants from threat of crime, violence, traffic, and injuries; and biological and chemical agents in the air, water, and soil. 2. Psychosocial Environment- Attitudes, feelings, and values of students and staff. Ex: bullying, scared to answer question because they think the teacher will make fun of them if they answer wrong.

What is the National Prevention Strategy and who is responsible for it?

4 goals=health/safe community environments, clinical/community preventative services, empowered people, elimination of health disparities. Don't know who is responsible for it

What are the years of potential life lost (YPLL)? How does calculating YPLL change the way we think about the leading causes of death?

65-75. ?

Contrast the terms acute disease and chronic disease. Provide 3 examples of each type of disease.

Acute lasts just 3 months or less; chronic is a long-lasting disease that can be controlled but not cured

What is an epidemic? A pandemic? Name some diseases that caused epidemics in the past. Name some diseases that are epidemic today.

An epidemic is an unexpectedly large number of cases of illness, in particular population. Pandemic is outbreak over wide geographic area. Epidemics in past were plague, yellow fever, cholera. Epidemics today are encephalitis, Legionnaires disease, toxic shock syndrome

Define the term community.

Characterized by membership, common symbols, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection

Contrast the terms communicable disease and noncommunicable disease. Provide 3 examples of each type of disease.

Communicable is infectious and the biological agents or products are cause and transmissible from person to person. Noncommunicable is noninfectious

What are the differences among community health, population health, and global health?

Community health is health status of defined group of people, Population health is health status of people who aren't organized and have no identity as group, Global health is health problems/issues/concerns that transcend national boundaries

What is the difference between crude and specific rates?

Crude is denominator include total population; specific measures morbidity or mortality for particular populations or diseases.

How would you define disability-adjusted life years? How would you define health-adjusted life expectancy?

DALY measures burden of disease; HALE is number of years of healthy life expected in given population

Which federal department in the US is the governments principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and for providing essential human services, especially to those who are least able to help themselves? What major services does this department provide?

Department of Health and Human Services; major services it provides?

Which individuals (name by position) should be considered for inclusion on the school health advisory council?

District administrators, parents, students, and community representatives. Most often the school health coordinator is a health education specialist or school nurse.

Identify some of the major events of community/public health in each of the following periods of time: Early civilizations (prior to 500 C.E.) Middle Ages (500-1500 C.E.) Renaissance and Exploration (1500-1700 C.E.) The 18th century The 19th century

Early Civ=Code of Hammurabi; prescriptions Middle Ages=Greek men did games of strength; Romans created sewer system/hospitals Renaissance=believe disease caused by environmental; observation led to accurate symptoms; spread disease to New World 18th century=industrial growth; overcrowding; inadequate water supplies; Dr. Jenner vaccination for smallpox 19th century=better agriculture so better nutrition; epidemic's in major cities Shattuck report; modern era of public health begins

List 5 important national health surveys that are valuable sources of data about the health and health care of our population.

National Health Interview Survey; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; National Health Care Survey

What is meant by the term quasi-governmental agency? Name one such agency.

Operate independently of government and operate like voluntary health organizations; some responsibilities from government; Red Cross

What is the difference between personal health activities and community and public health activities?

Personal health activities benefit the one person and that person chooses that action; Community health is aimed at protecting the whole community health

What are the 4 main factors that affect the health of a community? Provide an example for each.

Physical factors; Social/cultural factors; community organization; individual behaviors

Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and provide an example of each.

Primary=prevention and forestall onset of illness Secondary=early diagnosis and prompt treatment Tertiary=rehabilitation; retrain, reeducate and rehabilitate

Why has corporate America become involved in community health?

Provision of health care benefits; worksite health promotion to lower health care costs and reduce absenteeism

Provide a brief explanation of the origins from which the following 20th century periods get their names: Health resources development period Period of social engineering Period of health promotion

Resources development period=growth health care facilities; great depression and WW1; first school for public nursing Social engineering=federal government active in health matters; Medicare and Medicaid; improved standards in health facilities Health Promotion=identified that premature death traced to lifestyle and health behaviors; Healthy People; National Prevention Strategy

Curriculum provides

Scope- what will be taught Sequence- when it is taught in the curriculum 1. Learning objectives 2. Standards 3. Learning experiences leading to the adoption and maintenance of specific health-enhancing behaviors. 4. Possible instructional resources 5. Methods for assessment to determine the extent to which the objectives and standards are met.

How do state and local health departments interface?

State health dept's provide link between local and national. Local health dept's carry out state mandated services and provide them locally

What is the US Census? How often is it conducted? What types of data does it gather?

Survey of population every 10 years; data on race, age, income, employment, education, dwelling type, etc

School health education

The development, delivery, and evaluation a planned curriculum, Kindergarten through grade 12.

Who should approve written school health policies?

The school board is the final authority that adopts policies, approval from school administrators, school-based committees, parents, and other key stakeholders can aid in the implementation process.

How did the WHO define health in 1946? How has that definition been modified?

WHO defined it as "state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity". Now it is a dynamic state or condition of human organism that is multidimensional in nature, resource for living, and results from persons interactions with and adaptations to their environment.

What is public health?

actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur; most inclusive term

What are the 3 core functions of public health?

assessment, policy development, assurance

Explain the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole World Student Model.

focuses on addressing the educational and health needs of children within the context of the school setting, which is a critical component of the local community. As a result, community strengths can boost the role of the school in addressing child health and learning needs, but also can be a reflection of areas of need in the community. "Each child, in each school, in each of our communities deserves to be healthy, safe, engaged, supported, and challenged. This model provides a shared framework and approach for schools and the community to work together to provide a systematic, integrated, and collaborative approach.

Describe the characteristics of a nongovernmental health agency.

funded by private donations/membership dues; arose because of unmet health needs; operate free from government; meet specific IRS guidelines with tax status

What are the major community and public health problems facing the US and the World in the 21st century?

health care delivery, environmental problems, lifestyle diseases, communicable diseases, alcohol/substance abuse, health disparities, disasters

How do experimental studies differ from observational studies? What value do they have in epidemiology? To what principles must investigators adhere in order to properly carry out an experimental study?

in an experimental the investigator can control the intervention or variable of interest

What is the World Health Organization (WHO), and what does it do?

international government health organization in Geneva, Switzerland. 6 regional offices around the world; goal is the "attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health"

Explain the importance of using a standard-based health curriculum.

provides students with "the knowledge and skills they need to become successful learners and healthy productive adults." PRIORITY HEALTH CONTENT: -Alcohol/other drugs - Healthy eating - Mental and emotional health - Personal health and wellness - Physical activity - Safety - Sexual health - Tobacco - Violence prevention

What types of information can you find in the Statistical Abstract of the US?

statistics on social, political, and economic organization of US

Healthy School Environment

the promotion, maintenance, and utilization of safe and wholesome surroundings in a school.

Why are rates important in community health?

they allow for comparison of outbreaks at different times or in different places

How do philanthropic foundations contribute to community health? List 3 well-known foundations.

they donate money to help the community; fund programs to treat/prevent/control diseases; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Commonwealth Fund, Robert Wood johnson Foundation

What significance do the Healthy People documents have in community and public health development in recent years?

they help guide us toward better health; we have had reductions in child mortality, vaccine-preventable deaths, access to safe water, malaria prevention/control, tobacco control, global road safety, improved preparedness/response