chapter 6: skin and membranes

deeper area, or reticular layer

The ________ of the dermis is filled with a dense network of interlacing fibers.

stratum germinativum

The basal cells of the innermost layer of the epidermis is called

to improve our grip when making or using tools, for example, or walking barefoot on smooth surfaces

The biological function of skin ridges is

melanocytes

The brown pigment melanin is produced by cells called

papillary layer

The upper region of the dermis

parallel rows of tiny bumps called dermal papillae,

The upper region of the dermis is characterized by

epithelial and connective

What are the two main categories of membranes in the body?

Kaposi sarcoma

first appearing as purple papules, quickly spreads to the lymph nodes and internal organs

apocrine sweat glands

found primarily in the skin in the axilla (armpit) and in the pigmented skin areas around the genitals

-insulates the body from extremes of heat and cold -stored source of energy for the body and can be used as a food source if required. -acts as a shock-absorbing pad -helps protect underlying tissues from injury caused by bumps and blows to the body surface.

functions of fat in subcutaneous layer(4)

1. Protection 2. Temperature regulation 3. Sense organ activity 4. Excretion 5. Synthesis of vitamin D

functions of the skin

epidermis

nails are produced by cells in the

hard, raised nodule that is usually painless

squamous cell carcinoma begins as a

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

"ABCDE" rule of self-examination

first degree burn

-causes minor discomfort and some reddening of the skin. -surface layers of the epidermis may peel in 1 to 3 days, no blistering occurs, -actual tissue destruction is minimal.

third degree burns

-complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis. -tissue death extends into the subcutaneous tissue. - -often involve underlying muscles and even bone

-fluid loss -infection

2 serious problems with third degree burns

partial-thickness burns.

First- and second-degree burns are called

ammonia and uric acid.

Sweat assists in the elimination of waste products such as

dermis

The _____ is the deeper of the two primary skin layers and is much thicker than the epidermis.

subcutaneous tissue, or the hypodermis.

the layers of the skin are supported by a thick layer of loose connective tissue and fat called

eccrine sweat glands

the more numerous, important, and widespread sweat glands in the body.

basal cell carcinoma

the most common type of skin cancer, usually appears on the upper face.

melanoma

the most serious form of skin cancer.

epidermis

the outermost layer of the skin. It is a relatively thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium.

loose connective tissue elements within a fine network of thin collagenous and elastic fibers`

the papillary layer is essentially composed of

fourth degree burn

used to describe a full-thickness burn that extends below the subcutaneous tissue to reach muscle or bone.

The deepest cell layer of the stratum germinativum

which cell layer is responsible for pigment?

basal layer

which layer are melanocytes found

second degree burn

-involves the deep epidermal layers causes injury to the upper layers of the dermis. -damage sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, -complete destruction of the dermis does not occur. -Blisters, severe pain, generalized swelling, and fluid loss characterize this type of burn. -Scarring is common.

full-thickness burn.

A third-degree burn is a type of

arrector pili

A tiny, smooth (involuntary) muscle at the follicle

keratin

As cells in the deep layer of the epidermis (strata cells) approach the surface, the epithelial cells die and their cytoplasm is replaced by

pushed upward through additional layers, or "strata" of cells.

As new cells are produced in the deep layer of the epidermis, they are

hair follicle

Cells of the epidermal layer of the skin grow down into the dermis to form a small tube called the

hair papilla

Hair growth begins from a small bump called the

metastasize, or spread, invading other organs and areas of the body.

If not treated, squamous cell carcinomas will grow in size and eventually

epidermal

It is this layer that gives color to the skin.

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8).

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is caused by

asymmetrical

Melanoma lesions are

colored

Melanoma lesions tend to be unevenly

collagen fibers that make the skin tough. elastic fibers are also present

Most of the fibers in the reticular layer are

third-degree lesions are insensitive to pain immediately after injury because of the destruction of nerve endings.

One distinction between second- and third-degree burns is that

basal cell

Originating in cells at the base of the epidermis, this type of skin cancer is much less likely to metastasize than other types

squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

The three most common types of skin cancer are

sense organ

Receptors in the skin make it possible for the body surface to act as a

oil for the hair and skin

Sebaceous glands secrete

dermal papillae

Small nipplelike bumps project upward from the dermis into the epidermis and also stabilize the dermal-epidermal junction

lanugo,

The hair of a newborn infant is called

dermal-epidermal junction.

The junction that exists between the thin superficial epidermal layer of skin and the deeper dermal layer forms a type of basement membrane called the

dermis

The mechanical strength of the skin is in the

lunula

The nail body nearest the root has a crescent-shaped white area known as the

stratum germinativum

The papilla is nourished by dermal blood vessels and covered with a form of

stratum corneum.

The tough outermost layer of the epidermis is called the

root, cuticle

The rest of the nail, namely the_____ lies in a groove and is hidden by a fold of skin called the _____

parallel arrangement of dermal papillae under the epidermis.

The ridges on the tips of the fingers and on the skin covering the palms of your hands result from

sweat glands and the tiny sebaceous glands

The skin glands include the two varieties of

epidermis and dermis

The skin, or cutaneous membrane, is a sheetlike organ composed of the following layers of distinct tissue

superficial fascia or hypodermis

The subcutaneous tissue is often called the

shaft

The visible part of a hair is called the

nail body

The visible part of the nail is called the

melanoma

This type of cancer sometimes develops from a benign or noncancerous pigmented mole and then transforms into a dark, spreading cancerous lesion

nail bed

Under the nail lies a layer of epithelium called the

separated from one another and have fibers scattered in between

Unlike the epithelial cells of the epidermis which are packed closely together, dermal cells are

Secretes a thin, watery fluid that helps reduce friction and serves as a lubricant when organs rub against one another and against the walls of the cavities that contain

What fluid(s) is/are produced by serous membranes? What is the function of the fluid?

Secretes a thick, colorless lubricating fluid that helps reduce friction between the opposing surfaces of bones in movable joints

What fluid(s) is/are produced by synovial membranes? What is the function of each fluid?

Mucous: Secretes a thick, slimy material called mucus that keeps the membranes moist and soft

What fluid(s) is/are produced by, mucous, membranes? What is the function of each fluid?

used to describe the transitional area that serves as a point of "fusion" where skin and mucous membranes meet.

What is the mucocutaneous junction?

total area involved and the severity of the burn.

When burns involve large areas of the skin, treatment and the possibility for recovery depend in large part on the

Cutaneous membrane, serous membrane, and mucous membrane

Which of the body's membranes are types of epithelial membranes?

Loose fibrous and adipose

_____ and ______ tissue are prominent in subcutaneous tissue,

keratin

a tough, waterproof material that provides cells in the outer layer of the skin with a horny, abrasion-resistant, and protective quality

a small, raised lesion that erodes in the center to form a bleeding, crusted crater

basal cell appears first as

basal layer

deepest layer of epidermis

lamellar corpuscle (Pacini corpuscle),

detects pressure deep in the dermis

perspiration

eccrine sweat glands produce

liposuction

involves inserting a hollow tube into the subcutaneous tissue and removing fat with a vacuum aspirator.

squamous cell carcinoma

is a slow-growing malignant tumor of the epidermis.

subcutaneous layer

lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and underlying structures of the body such as muscle and bone.

itch or bleed

melanoma lesions may begin to

detects light touch.

more superficial tactile corpuscle (Meissner corpuscle),

rule of nines

one of the most commonly used methods of determining the extent of a burn injury in adults.

follicles

required for hair growth

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands are also called

rule of nines

the body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each, with the area around the genitals representing the additional 1% of body surface area.

1. Total body surface area affected 2. Depth and number of tissue layers involved 3. Type of homeostatic mechanisms disrupted, such as respiratory or blood pressure control and fluid and electrolyte balance

the classification and seriousness of a burn injury, are determined by three major factors:

the number of tissue layers involved

the classification system used to describe the severity of burns is based on

dermis

the deeper of the two layers. It is thicker than the epidermis and is made up largely of connective tissue.

nerves and nerve endings to detect sensory information such as pain, pressure, touch, and temperature.

the dermis contains an extensive network of

mitosis and reproduce themselves

the stratum germinativum's cells constantly undergo

underlying dermis

the stratum germinativum, attach to the