Chapter 6 Test

What type of bone cell starts forming the bone matrix?

B

Which of the structures in the image below represents concentric lamellae, the layers of mineralized extracellular matrix in bone tissue?

B

What is another name for the shaft of a long bone?

diaphysis

42) In the diagram, where is the epiphyseal vein?

A

Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteogenic cell

A

Which structure in the image below represents an osteons, the structural units of compact bone?

A

Which bone cell in the diagram below is a mature bone cell that helps maintain bone tissue?

C

Which of the structures in the image below is a structure that carries nerves, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels that enter from the periosteum and connects with central canals and other similar structures

C

Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteoclast?

D

Which structure in the image below is one of a series of small channels that connect adjacent osteocytes with each other and with central canals. These canals allow nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to be properly routed even when a cell isn't immediately next to a blood vessel?

D

Calcium is involved in all of the following important body functions EXCEPT a) blood clotting.b) nervous system communication.c) muscle contraction.d) acting as a cofactor in some enzymatic reactions.e) being the primary cation that regulates osmotic balance in cells

E

Which of the structures in the image below is a tissue that protects bone surfaces, assists in healing fractures, stabilizes the entry and exit points of blood vessels associated with bone tissue, and provides a firm attachment site for tendons and ligaments

E

As long bones form in the fetus, the formation of the medullary cavity occurs because of the actions of osteoblast cells

F

Near the diaphysis of a long bone, such as the femur, a large nutrient artery enters the bone through a perforating canal

F

osteocytes within lacunae are only found in compact bone and not within the trabeculae of spongy bone

F

In the diagram, where is the nutrient artery?

H

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)?

Osteoclast

Which is NOT a part of the events that result in parathyroid hormone's control of blood calcium levels?

PTH acts on the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland to increase the level of the hormone calcitonin

During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer , pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves

T

In a newborn, all bone marrow is red, which means all of the infant's marrow can make blood cells

T

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is able to regulate calcium levels in the blood through a series of steps that provide control through a negative feedback system

T

Which of the following best describes the process of bone resorption in bone remodeling?

acids and enzymes released by osteoclasts degrade collagen and dissolve away minerals, which diffuse through the interstitial fluid into nearby blood capillaries

By which process, as an individual grows to adulthood, is the thickness (diameter) of bone increased

appositional growth

An increase in bone growth is promoted by which hormones

calcitonin and calcitriol

When bones increase in thickness (diameter) as an individual grows to adulthood, which tissue or cells of the bone begin this growth process

cells of the periosteum differentiating into osteoblasts

Long bones adds to its length at the epiphyseal plate. In this region which type of cells proliferate, become calcified, and are eventually replaced with mature bone cells, thereby adding to the bone's length

chondrocytes

Which is secreted by osteoblasts during bone deposition?

collagen fibers

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions

compact bone

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events):1 osteoblasts form trabeclular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma

e) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

epiphysis

Which of the following hormones, in both adult males and females, ultimately ends growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate? (This happens sooner in women than in men, and so men on average are taller than women)

estrogen

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process

intramembranous ossification

Which of the following structures contain osteocytes

lacunae

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

metaphysis

What is the region of long bone found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis called

metaphysis

Which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells

osteogenic cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes

Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids (especially the blood) is regulated by several hormones. Which of the following is the most important hormone regulating calcium exchange?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model surrounded by a connective tissue covering called the

perichondrium.

What is the fibrous covering on the surface of bone that is involved in thickening of the bone called

periosteum

Which of the following correctly lists the order of the four zones of cartilage found within the growth plate starting at the epiphysis and extending to the diaphysis?

resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage

Compact bone is composed of units called osteons. In contrast, spongy bone is composed of _____.

trabeculae

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength